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![andrewcaravello Avatar](https://lunarcrush.com/gi/w:24/cr:twitter::244291506.png) Andrew Caravello, DO [@andrewcaravello](/creator/twitter/andrewcaravello) on x 1073 followers
Created: 2025-07-09 14:19:54 UTC

$NWBO 🧠 DCVax-Direct, the Mayo Trials, and $MRK Multimillion Dollar Validation of This Platform

🧬 The Mechanism: What DCVax-Direct Actually Does

DCVax-Direct relies on a time-tested immunological sequence.
1.Unloaded dendritic cells are injected directly into the tumor
2.They absorb tumor antigens on site
3.They mature, migrate to lymph nodes
4.They present tumor-associated peptides via MHC to T cells
5.This triggers systemic immune activation

It’s a smart immune relay,  the tumor provides the signal, the dendritic cell translates it, and the immune system learns to attack.

This isn’t new theory. It’s old immunology applied with precision.

And it’s exactly what Mayo Clinic tested across multiple Merck-backed clinical trials.

📚 The Mayo Trials: Intratumoral Dendritic Cell Therapy in Action

Between 2010 and 2020, Mayo ran three early-phase trials testing autologous dendritic cells injected directly into tumors, the same basic mechanism as DCVax-Direct:

X. NCT03325101
Metastatic melanoma
Intratumoral DCs with systemic pembrolizumab
Co-sponsored by Merck
Goal: immune activation, safety

X. NCT01239875
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Intratumoral DCs with or without cryoablation
Mechanism-focused, no checkpoint

X. NCT03035331
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Intratumoral DCs with cryoablation and pembrolizumab
Goal: synergy from antigen release, DC uptake, and PD-1 inhibition

All three trials used the same logic:
•Dendritic cells delivered intratumorally
•No lysate pulsing
•Tumor supplies the antigen
•Dendritic cells mature, migrate, and train T cells

This is the DCVax-Direct model in academic form.

📡 Merck Funded These Trials — Not Hypothetically, Actually

Merck didn’t just donate Keytruda. They co-funded the studies, supplied drugs, helped design protocols, and ran real-world experiments.

They were testing:
•Whether checkpoint inhibition and dendritic cells worked in tandem
•Whether intratumoral delivery created systemic response
•Whether the Direct-style platform logic was viable

This wasn’t theoretical interest. This was a strategic immunotherapy mapping campaign that mirrors DCVax-Direct to the letter.

💰 What Did It Cost? Let’s Be Honest About the Scale

These were full clinical studies involving:

•Leukapheresis and autologous DC prep
•Intratumoral injection infrastructure
•Cryoablation support
•Checkpoint inhibitors (Keytruda)
•Immune profiling and long-term monitoring

Estimated cost per patient: XXXXXXX to XXXXXXX dollars
Patient counts: ~27, ~20, and ~30 respectively

Maximum total cost for the three trials: XX million to XX million dollars

That’s not exploratory spending. That’s platform-level investment.

And this was just the Mayo node. Merck has funded over a dozen dendritic cell trials worldwide in combination with Keytruda (including in glioblastoma, ovarian, and melanoma) testing:

•Dendritic cells pulsed with tumor RNA or lysate
•Autologous or semi-personalized setups
•Checkpoint inhibitor combinations

Estimated global investment: XXX million to XXX million dollars over XX years

If anyone says Merck wasn’t interested in DC-based immune education, that history says otherwise.

📦 Did the Mayo Trials Create the Lysate Library at Mill Creek? No.

The Mill Creek lysate library was built separately, most likely from pooled GBM tumor samples. It supports a different use case:
•Pooled lysate
•Ex vivo pulsing
•Intended to accelerate vaccine production for patients without tissue access

The Mayo trials tested Direct-style intratumoral delivery. The library supports an allogeneic L model,  ex vivo pulsing using shared tumor data.

No overlap. No contradiction. Just different arms of the same platform logic.

📈 What Did the Mayo Trials Show?
•T cell infiltration: confirmed
•Systemic immune activation: observed
•Safety: established
•Abscopal effects: suggested
•Commercial follow-up: none
•Patent conflict: none

These trials were built to validate mechanism, not chase market share. That’s routine. Pharma sponsors early trials all the time to test pathways.

And Mayo’s trials proved that intratumoral dendritic cell delivery works.

🔐 NWBO Owns the Platform

Even if Merck paid for the studies…
Even if Mayo ran the injections…

NWBO owns the immune engine.

Their IP covers:
•Autologous DCs
•Pulsed or unpulsed
•Intratumoral or ex vivo delivery
•Boosted with cytokines or checkpoint inhibitors
•Manual or automated via Flaskworks

This is not open territory. It is protected ground.

Even Mayo, as a respected institution, knows the difference between testing a mechanism and licensing a platform.

🧰 DCVax Use Cases — Direct, Allogeneic, and L Each Have a Place

This isn’t about picking a winner. It’s about recognizing the right tool for the right patient at the right time.

DCVax is a platform. Not a product. And each configuration serves a different clinical moment.

📘 DCVax-L: Autologous Lysate

Use when:
•Tumor is resectable
•System supports full lysate prep
•Precision is the priority
•Early-line, newly diagnosed, or regulatory priority path

Gives you:
•Full match to patient tumor
•High control and reproducibility
•Long-term memory formation

Limitations:
•Requires surgery
•Slower manufacturing
•Not suitable for all geographies or tumor types

📘 Allogeneic Lysate: Pooled Library

Use when:
•Tumor tissue is unavailable
•Infrastructure doesn’t allow lysate prep
•Speed is critical
•You need to scale access

Gives you:
•Semi-personalized immune education
•Rapid deployment
•Broad access

Limitations:
•Less precision
•Relies on population-level epitope coverage
•May miss personal mutations

📘 DCVax-Direct: Intratumoral, In Real Time

Use when:
•Tumor is unresectable
•Lesions are spread or deep
•Time is limited
•The patient is in late stage
•Combo with checkpoint or radiation is desired

Gives you:
•Real-time sampling of tumor antigens
•Systemic response from local injection
•Abscopal effect potential
•Point-of-care readiness

Limitations:
•Less control over antigens
•Variable immune response without calibration

🧠 Final Word

NWBO is not building one therapy. It’s building a framework — a programmable interface between tumors and the immune system.
•L is for precision
•Direct is for adaptability
•Allogeneic is for access

All three are valid. All three are needed.

And all three already live inside the same engine.

🧾 Final Clarification: Licensing, Alignment, and Inference

The Mayo Clinic’s dendritic cell trials — including NCT03360708 (shared glioblastoma lysate), NCT03325166 (melanoma with intratumoral DCs), and NCT03035331 (NHL post-cryoablation) — appear to use autologous dendritic cells prepared identically to DCVax-L. The Mill Creek trials further extended this by actively leveraging the allogeneic lysate bank created in collaboration with Mayo.

To date, no formal statement has confirmed a licensing agreement between these programs and Northwest Biotherapeutics. However:

•The cellular methods used — GMP autologous dendritic cells, pulsed with tumor lysate — fall squarely within NWBO’s patent portfolio.
•No IP dispute has been filed.
•NWBO holds the exclusive rights to this class of therapeutic process across multiple jurisdictions.
•Use of this process, even with pooled or shared lysate, would typically require permission or a sublicensing arrangement, even if not publicly disclosed.

Importantly, while the internal process at Mill Creek has not been fully published, all available information,  including data from investigator presentations and trial documentation, supports that the dendritic cell generation and lysate application follow the same core method established in DCVax-L: autologous DCs, matured under GMP conditions, pulsed ex vivo with lysate, and reintroduced without genetic modification. This reinforces the presumption that NWBO’s platform underpins the process,  regardless of branding.

Given this, it is reasonable to infer that these programs are either:

•Covered under quiet, cooperative arrangements,
•Proceeding under research-use exemptions,
•Or operating within a de facto allowance due to shared institutional or collaborative ties.

This kind of strategic non-disclosure is not unusual in the biotech industry, particularly in early-stage or mechanism-confirmation trials.

🧭 Bottom Line: The mechanism tested in Mayo and Mill Creek validates DCVax’s versatility, even if it is not branded as such. The absence of conflict speaks volumes. And the trials themselves, especially those with intratumoral administration, provide supportive real-world data that reinforce the systemic mechanism of DCVax-Direct.

$LLY $BMY $GILD $PFE $AZN $NVS $JNJ $AMGN $REGN $VRTX $SNY $RHHBY $ABBV $BNTX $CRSP $DNA $EXEL $GSK $INCY $NBIX $MDGL $XBI

#DCVax #CancerImmunotherapy #CellTherapy #DendriticCells #AdaptiveImmunity #ImmunoOncology #Glioblastoma #GBM #PrecisionMedicine #NextGenImmunotherapy #TumorMicroenvironment #CheckpointInhibitors #PersonalizedMedicine #RealWorldEvidence #FDA #MHRA #FutureOfMedicine #BiotechInnovation #OncologyResearch #CART #BoschMatrix #NWBO #Flaskworks #ImmunotherapyEngine #Merck #G100 #AbscopalEffect #ClinicalTrials #MillCreek #AllogeneicVaccine #DCVaxDirect


XXXXX engagements

![Engagements Line Chart](https://lunarcrush.com/gi/w:600/p:tweet::1942951852875624828/c:line.svg)

**Related Topics**
[money](/topic/money)
[$nwbo](/topic/$nwbo)
[$mrk](/topic/$mrk)
[stocks healthcare](/topic/stocks-healthcare)

[Post Link](https://x.com/andrewcaravello/status/1942951852875624828)

[GUEST ACCESS MODE: Data is scrambled or limited to provide examples. Make requests using your API key to unlock full data. Check https://lunarcrush.ai/auth for authentication information.]

andrewcaravello Avatar Andrew Caravello, DO @andrewcaravello on x 1073 followers Created: 2025-07-09 14:19:54 UTC

$NWBO 🧠 DCVax-Direct, the Mayo Trials, and $MRK Multimillion Dollar Validation of This Platform

🧬 The Mechanism: What DCVax-Direct Actually Does

DCVax-Direct relies on a time-tested immunological sequence. 1.Unloaded dendritic cells are injected directly into the tumor 2.They absorb tumor antigens on site 3.They mature, migrate to lymph nodes 4.They present tumor-associated peptides via MHC to T cells 5.This triggers systemic immune activation

It’s a smart immune relay, the tumor provides the signal, the dendritic cell translates it, and the immune system learns to attack.

This isn’t new theory. It’s old immunology applied with precision.

And it’s exactly what Mayo Clinic tested across multiple Merck-backed clinical trials.

📚 The Mayo Trials: Intratumoral Dendritic Cell Therapy in Action

Between 2010 and 2020, Mayo ran three early-phase trials testing autologous dendritic cells injected directly into tumors, the same basic mechanism as DCVax-Direct:

X. NCT03325101 Metastatic melanoma Intratumoral DCs with systemic pembrolizumab Co-sponsored by Merck Goal: immune activation, safety

X. NCT01239875 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Intratumoral DCs with or without cryoablation Mechanism-focused, no checkpoint

X. NCT03035331 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Intratumoral DCs with cryoablation and pembrolizumab Goal: synergy from antigen release, DC uptake, and PD-1 inhibition

All three trials used the same logic: •Dendritic cells delivered intratumorally •No lysate pulsing •Tumor supplies the antigen •Dendritic cells mature, migrate, and train T cells

This is the DCVax-Direct model in academic form.

📡 Merck Funded These Trials — Not Hypothetically, Actually

Merck didn’t just donate Keytruda. They co-funded the studies, supplied drugs, helped design protocols, and ran real-world experiments.

They were testing: •Whether checkpoint inhibition and dendritic cells worked in tandem •Whether intratumoral delivery created systemic response •Whether the Direct-style platform logic was viable

This wasn’t theoretical interest. This was a strategic immunotherapy mapping campaign that mirrors DCVax-Direct to the letter.

💰 What Did It Cost? Let’s Be Honest About the Scale

These were full clinical studies involving:

•Leukapheresis and autologous DC prep •Intratumoral injection infrastructure •Cryoablation support •Checkpoint inhibitors (Keytruda) •Immune profiling and long-term monitoring

Estimated cost per patient: XXXXXXX to XXXXXXX dollars Patient counts: ~27, ~20, and ~30 respectively

Maximum total cost for the three trials: XX million to XX million dollars

That’s not exploratory spending. That’s platform-level investment.

And this was just the Mayo node. Merck has funded over a dozen dendritic cell trials worldwide in combination with Keytruda (including in glioblastoma, ovarian, and melanoma) testing:

•Dendritic cells pulsed with tumor RNA or lysate •Autologous or semi-personalized setups •Checkpoint inhibitor combinations

Estimated global investment: XXX million to XXX million dollars over XX years

If anyone says Merck wasn’t interested in DC-based immune education, that history says otherwise.

📦 Did the Mayo Trials Create the Lysate Library at Mill Creek? No.

The Mill Creek lysate library was built separately, most likely from pooled GBM tumor samples. It supports a different use case: •Pooled lysate •Ex vivo pulsing •Intended to accelerate vaccine production for patients without tissue access

The Mayo trials tested Direct-style intratumoral delivery. The library supports an allogeneic L model, ex vivo pulsing using shared tumor data.

No overlap. No contradiction. Just different arms of the same platform logic.

📈 What Did the Mayo Trials Show? •T cell infiltration: confirmed •Systemic immune activation: observed •Safety: established •Abscopal effects: suggested •Commercial follow-up: none •Patent conflict: none

These trials were built to validate mechanism, not chase market share. That’s routine. Pharma sponsors early trials all the time to test pathways.

And Mayo’s trials proved that intratumoral dendritic cell delivery works.

🔐 NWBO Owns the Platform

Even if Merck paid for the studies… Even if Mayo ran the injections…

NWBO owns the immune engine.

Their IP covers: •Autologous DCs •Pulsed or unpulsed •Intratumoral or ex vivo delivery •Boosted with cytokines or checkpoint inhibitors •Manual or automated via Flaskworks

This is not open territory. It is protected ground.

Even Mayo, as a respected institution, knows the difference between testing a mechanism and licensing a platform.

🧰 DCVax Use Cases — Direct, Allogeneic, and L Each Have a Place

This isn’t about picking a winner. It’s about recognizing the right tool for the right patient at the right time.

DCVax is a platform. Not a product. And each configuration serves a different clinical moment.

📘 DCVax-L: Autologous Lysate

Use when: •Tumor is resectable •System supports full lysate prep •Precision is the priority •Early-line, newly diagnosed, or regulatory priority path

Gives you: •Full match to patient tumor •High control and reproducibility •Long-term memory formation

Limitations: •Requires surgery •Slower manufacturing •Not suitable for all geographies or tumor types

📘 Allogeneic Lysate: Pooled Library

Use when: •Tumor tissue is unavailable •Infrastructure doesn’t allow lysate prep •Speed is critical •You need to scale access

Gives you: •Semi-personalized immune education •Rapid deployment •Broad access

Limitations: •Less precision •Relies on population-level epitope coverage •May miss personal mutations

📘 DCVax-Direct: Intratumoral, In Real Time

Use when: •Tumor is unresectable •Lesions are spread or deep •Time is limited •The patient is in late stage •Combo with checkpoint or radiation is desired

Gives you: •Real-time sampling of tumor antigens •Systemic response from local injection •Abscopal effect potential •Point-of-care readiness

Limitations: •Less control over antigens •Variable immune response without calibration

🧠 Final Word

NWBO is not building one therapy. It’s building a framework — a programmable interface between tumors and the immune system. •L is for precision •Direct is for adaptability •Allogeneic is for access

All three are valid. All three are needed.

And all three already live inside the same engine.

🧾 Final Clarification: Licensing, Alignment, and Inference

The Mayo Clinic’s dendritic cell trials — including NCT03360708 (shared glioblastoma lysate), NCT03325166 (melanoma with intratumoral DCs), and NCT03035331 (NHL post-cryoablation) — appear to use autologous dendritic cells prepared identically to DCVax-L. The Mill Creek trials further extended this by actively leveraging the allogeneic lysate bank created in collaboration with Mayo.

To date, no formal statement has confirmed a licensing agreement between these programs and Northwest Biotherapeutics. However:

•The cellular methods used — GMP autologous dendritic cells, pulsed with tumor lysate — fall squarely within NWBO’s patent portfolio. •No IP dispute has been filed. •NWBO holds the exclusive rights to this class of therapeutic process across multiple jurisdictions. •Use of this process, even with pooled or shared lysate, would typically require permission or a sublicensing arrangement, even if not publicly disclosed.

Importantly, while the internal process at Mill Creek has not been fully published, all available information, including data from investigator presentations and trial documentation, supports that the dendritic cell generation and lysate application follow the same core method established in DCVax-L: autologous DCs, matured under GMP conditions, pulsed ex vivo with lysate, and reintroduced without genetic modification. This reinforces the presumption that NWBO’s platform underpins the process, regardless of branding.

Given this, it is reasonable to infer that these programs are either:

•Covered under quiet, cooperative arrangements, •Proceeding under research-use exemptions, •Or operating within a de facto allowance due to shared institutional or collaborative ties.

This kind of strategic non-disclosure is not unusual in the biotech industry, particularly in early-stage or mechanism-confirmation trials.

🧭 Bottom Line: The mechanism tested in Mayo and Mill Creek validates DCVax’s versatility, even if it is not branded as such. The absence of conflict speaks volumes. And the trials themselves, especially those with intratumoral administration, provide supportive real-world data that reinforce the systemic mechanism of DCVax-Direct.

$LLY $BMY $GILD $PFE $AZN $NVS $JNJ $AMGN $REGN $VRTX $SNY $RHHBY $ABBV $BNTX $CRSP $DNA $EXEL $GSK $INCY $NBIX $MDGL $XBI

#DCVax #CancerImmunotherapy #CellTherapy #DendriticCells #AdaptiveImmunity #ImmunoOncology #Glioblastoma #GBM #PrecisionMedicine #NextGenImmunotherapy #TumorMicroenvironment #CheckpointInhibitors #PersonalizedMedicine #RealWorldEvidence #FDA #MHRA #FutureOfMedicine #BiotechInnovation #OncologyResearch #CART #BoschMatrix #NWBO #Flaskworks #ImmunotherapyEngine #Merck #G100 #AbscopalEffect #ClinicalTrials #MillCreek #AllogeneicVaccine #DCVaxDirect

XXXXX engagements

Engagements Line Chart

Related Topics money $nwbo $mrk stocks healthcare

Post Link

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