#  @ElecNotes ElectronicsNotes by Ian Poole ElectronicsNotes by Ian Poole posts on X about in the, basic, design, switch the most. They currently have [------] followers and [---] posts still getting attention that total [-----] engagements in the last [--] hours. ### Engagements: [-----] [#](/creator/twitter::793773226145017856/interactions)  - [--] Week [------] -38% - [--] Month [-------] +94% - [--] Months [-------] +84% - [--] Year [-------] -45% ### Mentions: [--] [#](/creator/twitter::793773226145017856/posts_active)  - [--] Week [--] +7.60% - [--] Month [---] +48% - [--] Months [---] +101% - [--] Year [---] -18% ### Followers: [------] [#](/creator/twitter::793773226145017856/followers)  - [--] Week [------] +0.84% - [--] Month [------] +4.40% - [--] Months [------] +21% - [--] Year [------] +38% ### CreatorRank: [-------] [#](/creator/twitter::793773226145017856/influencer_rank)  ### Social Influence **Social category influence** [technology brands](/list/technology-brands) 2.19% [finance](/list/finance) 2.19% [travel destinations](/list/travel-destinations) 1.46% [stocks](/list/stocks) 1.46% **Social topic influence** [in the](/topic/in-the) 12.41%, [basic](/topic/basic) 11.68%, [design](/topic/design) 8.03%, [switch](/topic/switch) #2324, [common](/topic/common) 7.3%, [what is](/topic/what-is) 6.57%, [$diod](/topic/$diod) #15, [the most](/topic/the-most) 5.11%, [radio](/topic/radio) 5.11%, [how to](/topic/how-to) 4.38% **Top accounts mentioned or mentioned by** [@catallaxer](/creator/undefined) [@christo03770888](/creator/undefined) [@stainle55446702](/creator/undefined) [@rdavies6](/creator/undefined) [@makeaugusta](/creator/undefined) [@mikroel](/creator/undefined) [@mdv](/creator/undefined) [@davidcutty](/creator/undefined) [@oemsecrets](/creator/undefined) [@cqcqcqdx](/creator/undefined) [@thealiceroberts](/creator/undefined) [@mrjamesmay](/creator/undefined) [@fasc1nate](/creator/undefined) [@dioderatings](/creator/undefined) [@genx1000000](/creator/undefined) [@_mdv_](/creator/undefined) [@m0cvo](/creator/undefined) [@scourgeofzeus](/creator/undefined) [@bnzsales](/creator/undefined) [@hn12v1_jp](/creator/undefined) **Top assets mentioned** [Diodes Inc (DIOD)](/topic/$diod) [Texas Instruments (TXN)](/topic/texas-instruments) [Alphabet Inc Class A (GOOGL)](/topic/$googl) ### Top Social Posts Top posts by engagements in the last [--] hours "Resistor Colour Code: the secret facts and how to use it Do you struggle with using the resistor colour code at times Ive developed a video to help anyone with using it. The video shows how to use it with three four and five band resistors. I also give worked examples of each type determining the values for each one. There are also some interesting facts you probably didn't know that youll discover along the way. Theres also an associated crib sheet which is available very cheaply from my online shop. Check out the full video and learn a whole lot more about the resistor colour code:" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019712383392833675) 2026-02-06T09:58Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "MOSFET vs. IGBT: The Heavy Lifter vs. The Speed Demon In the world of power electronics choosing between a Power MOSFET and an IGBT is one of the most fundamental decisions a designer has to make. While they might look identical in their TO-220 packages their internal architectures dictate entirely different performance paths. Choosing the wrong one doesn't just lower efficiencyit can break your design. Here is the quick breakdown of when to use which: The MOSFET (For High-Speed) * The Logic: A unipolar voltage-controlled device that switches incredibly fastoften in the nanosecond range. *" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2020864513315377518) 2026-02-09T14:17Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "It was on this day (29 September) in [----] that Enrico Fermi the Italian-American physicist and Nobel laureate was born in Rome. He was known for achieving the first controlled nuclear reaction" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1972705933198520631) 2025-09-29T16:52Z 15.5K followers, [----] engagements "Dont Let Your Design Drift: How to Specify a Quartz Crystal If youve ever had an oscillator fail to start or drift off frequency you know that specifying a quartz crystal involves much more than just picking a frequency. Based on the expert guide from Electronics Notes here is the essential checklist for specifying a crystal resonator that ensures reliability and precision. [--]. Nominal Frequency & Mode Its standard to specify frequency to six decimal places (e.g. [---------] MHz). But dont forget the Mode: Fundamental: Typical for frequencies up to [--] MHz. Overtone: Used for higher frequencies" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2016429777721168344) 2026-01-28T08:34Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "This transformer infographic I've created At ElectronicsNotes incorporates the basic transformer equations as well as the main types of circuit symbol. It's often useful to have a summary infographic about transformers with some of the basic circuit symbols and equations that are widely used. It gives some of the basics of the transformer and some of the basic and more widely used equations. The equations assume a lossless transformer and in most cases this is a valid assumption because generally the losses are small. More information can be found in my website: #transformers #electronics" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2017137718027809045) 2026-01-30T07:28Z 15.3K followers, [----] engagements "How to Use a Voltage to Change a Capacitance Level How do we tune a modern radio or mobile phone without a mechanical variable capacitor The answer lies in a clever semiconductor electronic component known as the Varactor Diode (or Varicap Diode). Whether you call it a "Variable Reactor" or "Variable Capacitance" this electronic component is the key to voltage-controlled tuning in modern RF designs. How it Works: The Voltage-Controlled Capacitor The genius of the varactor diode is its ability to act as a capacitor whose value is determined by an applied voltage. It operates under reverse bias" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2017929171490730046) 2026-02-01T11:53Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Youve always been told not to run two transistors in parallel but heres how you can do it safely. Within electronic circuit design paralleling bipolar transistors is often seen as a recipe for disaster. Why Because of a phenomenon called thermal runaway. Manufacturing tolerances mean no two transistors are identical. One will always have a slightly higher gain or lower resistance causing it to take more current. As it takes more current it gets hotter. As it gets hotter it becomes more conductiveand suddenly one transistor is doing all the work while the other sits idle. The result One fried" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2018372242690765039) 2026-02-02T17:13Z 15.3K followers, 13.5K engagements "Why Metal Film Resistors Have Inductance Ever wonder why your high-frequency RF circuits or high-speed digital designs aren't behaving as expected The culprit might be a component you usually take for granted: the humble leaded metal film resistor. We often think of resistors as purely resistive but in reality no component is "ideal." In my video I dive into the construction of metal film resistors to explain why they possess a measurable amount of inductance and what that means for your designs. The Highlights: * The Helical Secret: To achieve precise resistance values manufacturers make a" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2018598277428441272) 2026-02-03T08:11Z 15.3K followers, [----] engagements "Thyristors are Essential Switching Devices - but do you know how they work When you need to control high-power AC or DC a standard transistor isn't always enough. You need the "heavy-duty" switch of the semiconductor world: the Thyristor. Often referred to as the Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) the thyristor is the unsung hero of industrial power control and home automation. Here is a quick look at why this four-layer device is so essential to modern engineering: What exactly is a Thyristor At its heart a thyristor is a solid-state switch with three terminals: an Anode a Cathode and a" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2018649300880781799) 2026-02-03T11:34Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Can your rectifier diodes handle the voltage When designing power supplies selecting the right diode isn't just about the forward current. One of the most common causes of catastrophic failure in power circuits is exceeding the Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV). If a diodes reverse voltage rating is surpassedeven for a short whilethe component can fail often taking the rest of the circuit with it. Depending on your circuit topology the reverse voltage requirements change significantly: 🔹 Half-Wave Rectifier: The diode must withstand the full peak voltage of the AC waveform. 🔹 Full-Wave Bridge" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019674617904840984) 2026-02-06T07:28Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "@MakeAugusta HP has come a very long way from their start in a garage to what they are now" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2020779489668497661) 2026-02-09T08:39Z 15.4K followers, [--] engagements "Anglia advises that Electronic Component Leadtimes are Extending as Market Picks Up UK based electronic component distributor Anglia Components is advising customers that as predicted in Q4 [----] the market upturn is in full swing. We're seeing a higher level of enquiries and sales are picking up both in the UK and across the EU says David Pearson Anglias Technical Director. However whilst we are happy to see the market moving at last suppliers are now extending leadtimes on certain products - not yet across the board but in certain product areas such as MEMS semiconductors. He continues: In" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2020898436652917175) 2026-02-09T16:31Z 15.5K followers, [---] engagements "@catallaxer SMPSs have many advantages but there are still times when a bridge rectifier is needed. They are also used beyond power supplies. Detectors RF and many other areas. But linear power supplies are still needed in many instances" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021613503132418309) 2026-02-11T15:53Z 15.5K followers, [--] engagements "@Christo03770888 I preferred the separates. They tended to be higher fidelity" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021623229539094574) 2026-02-11T16:31Z 15.4K followers, [--] engagements "@stainle55446702 @Christo03770888 Certainly these stacks are more compact and portable. Your choice depends on your own requirements. Yours are probably different to mine" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2022006604007399555) 2026-02-12T17:55Z 15.5K followers, [--] engagements "MIKROE signs multi-year MCU embedded development tool support deal with Renesas Embedded solutions company MIKROE has signed amulti-yearMCU development tool support deal with Tokyo based RenesasElectronics Corporation. The agreement commits MIKROE to providing development tools for [---] of Renesas most popular MCUs plusupcomingnew releases. APlanet Debugremote board farm which enables developers anywhere in the world to remotely debug code without having to invest in any hardware has also been established the first of its kind for Renesas. Tool supportfor the Renesas MCUswill be provided via" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2016168570321789145) 2026-01-27T15:17Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "What's the most frustrating/mysterious fault you've ever chased down in a circuit Cold solder joint Intermittent oscillation Ghost in the machine Mine has been trying to repair my old college radio and the grease in an inaccessible tuning mechanical arrangement has solidified and despite putting the suggested solvent in it it still remains very stiff. Share your nightmare (and how you finally solved it) we can all learn from the pain 😅🔧 #electronics #debugging #circuittroubleshooting #electroniccomponents" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2017553618069602306) 2026-01-31T11:00Z 15.5K followers, [----] engagements "Could Thyristors Surge Suppressors be the components that could save your circuit Protecting sensitive electronics from high-voltage transients is a constant challenge for engineers. While many reach for the standard TVS diode there is a more powerful "crowbar" solution often better suited for the job: The Thyristor Surge Suppressor TSS. Ive put together a post breaking down how these specialized components work and when you should use them over traditional clamping diodes. Why TSS The Power of the "Crowbar" Unlike a TVS diode that clamps a voltage (holding it at a specific level) a TSS" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2018953070764294259) 2026-02-04T07:41Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Why your DC power supply is only as good as its Reservoir Capacitor Ever wondered how we turn "bumpy" rectified AC into the smooth DC required by sensitive electronics It all comes down to the Capacitor Smoothing Circuit. In both linear and switch-mode power supplies the rectifier output consists of a series of half-sine waves. Without smoothing digital circuits would lose power every half-cycle and analog circuits would be plagued by hum and noise. Here are [--] key takeaways for engineers and hobbyists on getting smoothing right: [--] The "Fill in the Gaps" Strategy: A reservoir capacitor" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019064538906100129) 2026-02-04T15:04Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Huge news for the semiconductor industry today: Texas Instruments has officially announced its acquisition of Silicon Labs in a massive $7.5 billion all-cash deal. This is a major consolidation that looks set to reshape the landscape of embedded wireless connectivity. Here is the breakdown of what happened today (4 Feb 2026) and what it means for the market: The Deal * Valuation: TI is acquiring Silicon Labs for $231.00 per share valuing the enterprise at approximately $7.5 billion. * Timeline: The transaction is expected to close in the first half of [----]. Why it Matters This isn't just" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019105471236637166) 2026-02-04T17:47Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Protecting sensitive electronics from "invisible lightning" is no longer optionalits a design necessity. Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) Diodes are one of the key components that protect circuits from transient voltage spikes that can appear on any interconnection lines for circuits and equipment. As components get smaller and faster they become more fragile. A tiny spike from ESD or a switching transient can fry a processor in nanoseconds. Heres why TVS diodes are the go-to solution for robust hardware: 🔹 Speed: They respond in picoseconds to nanosecondsclamping the voltage before your" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019318913218060728) 2026-02-05T07:55Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "The Reed Relays: the key to precision switching In a world moving toward solid-state everything there is still one component that holds its ground when precision and isolation are non-negotiable: The Reed Relay. Ive been revisiting the fundamentals of these components recently (check out the link below from my Electronics-Notes for a great refresher) and its a reminder of why they remain a staple in high-reliability electronics. What makes them unique Unlike standard electromechanical relays reed relays feature contacts sealed hermetically within a glass envelope. This simple design choice" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019386524085940321) 2026-02-05T12:24Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "What's your favourite operational amplifier These days there is a huge number of op-amps from which to choose. There are general purpose ones low noise ones low input current high input impedance low offset . . . . The list goes on. But which one is your go-to when you need an op-amp - which is your favourite. Let me know in the comments below. #opamp #operationalamplifier #electroniccomponents #electronicsnotes #circuitdesign #hardwaredesign https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2019416565490344442 https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2019416565490344442" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019416565490344442) 2026-02-05T14:23Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Efficiency is key in circuit design. Ive developed a new Logic Truth Tables PDF downloadable infographic designed to be a "quick-reference" companion for the modern electronics workflow. By condensing complex concepts into a single high-resolution visual format this chart ensures that essential datafrom Boolean expressions to standard logic symbolsis always available when you need it. Ideal for: ✅ Professional Engineers ✅ Electronics Students ✅ Hardware Hobbyists Included Gates: Buffer Inverter AND NAND OR NOR EX-OR and EX-NOR. The high-res 17:22 aspect ratio makes it perfect for A4/Letter" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019448935874502805) 2026-02-05T16:32Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "@_MDV_ Ah yes the good old [---] - cant beat it in many ways" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019494489643975111) 2026-02-05T19:33Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "NTC vs. PTC: Which Thermistor Does Your Design Need In circuit designs thermistors provide a key function but there are two types: and it is essential to select the right type for your design. If you are designing for temperature accuracy or circuit safety understanding the difference between NTC and PTC thermistors is fundamental. Ive put together this quick-reference guide (based on the latest deep dive from Electronics-Notes) to help you choose the right component at a glance. The Breakdown: 🔹 NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) * The Logic: As temperature goes UP resistance goes DOWN." [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019778104798159257) 2026-02-06T14:20Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "The Heart of the PLL: Choosing the Right Phase Detector In any Phase Locked Loop (PLL) the Phase Detector (or Phase Sensitive Detector) is the component that makes the "magic" happen. Its the error-sensing heart that compares the reference signal to the VCO ensuring everything stays in perfect sync. But not all phase detectors are built the same. Depending on your design goalswhether its low phase noise wide capture range or high-speed frequency synthesisthe choice of detector changes everything. The Main Contenders: 🔹 Analogue Mixers (Linear): The classic approach. Often used as a simple" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2020131582946709788) 2026-02-07T13:44Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "10 FEBRUARY [----] Fact of the day: It was on this day in [----] that Walter Brattain was born. He was one of the team (including Bardeen and Schockley) who invented the first transistor" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021218595490152674) 2026-02-10T13:44Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "Understanding Bridge Rectifiers Whats the most effective way to convert the AC power from our wall sockets into the DC power The answer lies in one of the most essential circuits in electronics: the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. Whether you're a student or a seasoned engineer understanding this circuit is fundamental. Based on a great deep-dive from Electronics Notes here is a quick breakdown of how it works: What is a Bridge Rectifier It is a circuit that uses four diodes arranged in a "bridge" configuration (a diamond shape). Its main job is to convert Alternating Current (AC) which reverses" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021492631868469266) 2026-02-11T07:52Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Check out the full technical guide here: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/diode-rectifiers/full-wave-bridge-rectifier.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/diode-rectifiers/full-wave-bridge-rectifier.php" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021492766069686625) 2026-02-11T07:53Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "Most common: 4-band resistors * Band [--] & Band [--] = first two digits * Band [--] = multiplier (how many zeros to add) * Band [--] = tolerance (%) Example: Red-Red-Black-Brown = [--] [--] = [---] 1% Memorise the sequence once and you never need to guess again. #ElectronicComponents https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021554240439640147 https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021554240439640147" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021554240439640147) 2026-02-11T11:57Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "5-band resistors add one extra digit for precision: Band [--] = digits Band [--] = multiplier Band [--] = tolerance 6-band versions also include temperature coefficient (ppm/C). Whether youre prototyping or repairing vintage gear knowing the code saves hours. #ElectronicsBasics" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021554454932115778) 2026-02-11T11:58Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "Never squint at tiny bands again I created the ultimate printable Resistor Colour Codes Lab Cheat Sheet clear colour-accurate and includes 4/5/6-band decoding + tolerance chart. Instant digital download here: #ResistorCodes #Electronics #LabEssentials https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/products/resistor-colour-codes-the-ultimate-laboratory-cheat-sheet https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/products/resistor-colour-codes-the-ultimate-laboratory-cheat-sheet" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021554588638118182) 2026-02-11T11:59Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "I know that some ads can be annoying - but they are the lifeline to many websites large and small. If you are benefiting from free use of the content isnt it a small price to pay. Admittedly some sites are overloaded with ads and Im finding that Google Adsense seems to be forcing you to have more and more. Keeping it reasonable is the other side of the bargain. https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021566612462076354 https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021566612462076354" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021566612462076354) 2026-02-11T12:46Z 15.5K followers, [---] engagements "11 FEBRUARY [----] Fact of the day: It was on this day in [----] that Thomas Alva Edison was born. He was a prolific American inventor who developed the practical electric light bulb an electric generating system a sound-recording device and a motion picture projector. In all he held [----] patents. https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021593063664058682 https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021593063664058682" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021593063664058682) 2026-02-11T14:32Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "@catallaxer Yes there are more efficient technologies like SMPSs but the basic techniques are still useful and bridge rectifiers are still used in some applications" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021700036791275716) 2026-02-11T21:37Z 15.4K followers, [--] engagements "@DavidCutty If you are into rebelling even thinking about it - wow that really something" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2022070941795463593) 2026-02-12T22:10Z 15.4K followers, [--] engagements "Do You Know What a Transistor Current Mirror Circuit is & How It Works Transistor current mirror circuits are often used within integrated circuits as well as a number of other areas where they enable current to be balanced between two legs of a circuit. Current mirror circuits generally consists two transistors although other devices such as FETs can be used. Some current mirror circuits may use more than two transistors to enable the level of performance to be improved. The current mirror circuit gains its name because it copies or mirrors the current flowing in one active device in another" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021317079043875209) 2026-02-10T20:15Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Want to understand about the different ceramic capacitor dielectrics Check out my Concise Guide to Ceramic Capacitors & Their Dielectrics This PDF download covers the basic aspects of ceramic capacitors - everything you need to know to understand them their diectrics and the codes associated with them. It gives a concise introduction and summary of these important capacitors which are used in almost every electronic circuit. The download is an ideal companion for anyone starting in electronics or anyone wanting a refresher. The download is just under [----] words long and it extends to around" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2022237129821028433) 2026-02-13T09:11Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Photodiodes vs. Phototransistors: what should you use them for These light-sensitive devices are foundational in modern tech but they aren't interchangeable. They are both great devices but for different applications. Let's break it down simply: Core Differences: - Photodiode: A two-terminal device (anode and cathode) that converts light into electrical current via the photovoltaic effect. It operates in reverse bias and generates a photocurrent proportional to light intensity. - Phototransistor: Essentially a transistor (three terminals: collector base emitter) where the base is" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2020049855029141730) 2026-02-07T08:19Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Back to Basics: Creating Short Pulses with Simple Transistor Circuits Sometimes the best solution to a design challenge isn't a complex IC or a microcontrollerits a handful of discrete components and a fundamental understanding of circuit behaviour. If youve ever needed to trigger a logic circuit or generate a timing pulse from the edge of a square wave a Transistor Pulse Generator is a tool every engineer should have in their back pocket. In my latest summary I explore how to design these using simple Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs). How it works: The key combination is a CR" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2020756959809442097) 2026-02-09T07:09Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Moving Beyond the Hub: The Intelligence of the Ethernet Switch In the early days of networking we relied on hubs that simply broadcast data to every device on a port. It was inefficient and prone to collisions. Enter the Ethernet Switchthe "brain" of the modern local area network (LAN). Ive been looking into how these devices manage traffic (with some notes from my Electronics-Notes website) and its a great reminder of how fundamental this technology is to our connected world. How does a switch actually work Unlike a hub a switch operates at Layer [--] (Data Link) of the OSI model. It doesnt" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021173764520563094) 2026-02-10T10:45Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "A World-First Switch a Quantum Milestone and a Secret Coming in March. [----] was a bit of a rollercoaster for the Test & Measurement industry. We saw everything from shifting import tariffs creating early-year ripples to a massive resurgence in Aerospace and Defense. At Pickering Interfaces we didnt just watch the marketwe leaned into it. Reflecting on a year that Joe Woodford (our Group Director for Global Sales & Marketing) describes as both "active and successful" its clear that innovation thrives even in turbulent conditions. The [----] Innovation Highlights: * Space-Saving Power: A new" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021945384982245410) 2026-02-12T13:52Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "Silicon vs. Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs: Is the "Industry Workhorse" Being Overtaken For decades Silicon (Si) MOSFETs have been the backbone of the power electronics industry. But as the demand for efficiency in electric vehicles green energy and high-density power supplies accelerates a new challenger has entered the arena: Silicon Carbide (SiC). Ive been exploring the technical trade-offs between these two "Wide Bandgap" technologies. While Silicon remains the reliable standard for many applications SiC is fundamentally changing what we can expect from high-power designs. Why Silicon" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2022334700367511628) 2026-02-13T15:39Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Whats the Difference Between DMM Accuracy & Resolution When using a Digital Multimeter understanding the concepts of accuracy and resolution is crucial for precision in electronics work. Here's a breakdown: Resolution: - Definition: Resolution refers to the smallest change in a measured value that can be detected by the DMM. It's about how finely the meter can divide up its scale. - Example: If your multimeter has a resolution of [--] mV on the [--] V scale it can show changes in voltage in steps of [--] mV. - Impact: Higher resolution means you can see smaller changes in measurement which is vital" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2022583339991921133) 2026-02-14T08:07Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "Product Highlight: Boosting Efficiency with the IDW30G120C5B 1200V 30A CoolSiC Schottky Diode Today were spotlighting the IDW30G120C5B a 5th generation CoolSiC Schottky diode engineered by Infineon Technologies to elevate performance in demanding high-voltage power conversion applications particularly within the automotive sector. Quick specs Voltage Rating (Vrrm): [----] V Forward Current (If): [--] A at Tc=100C Technology: 5th Generation Silicon Carbide (SiC) Package: Standard TO-247-3 Key advantages Zero Reverse Recovery Charge: The SiC technology eliminates reverse recovery charge" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2012113973651357717) 2026-01-16T10:45Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Check out this excellent breakdown by Ian Poole at Electronics Notes: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/power-supply-electronics/capacitor-smoothing-circuits.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/power-supply-electronics/capacitor-smoothing-circuits.php" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2019064677834141731) 2026-02-04T15:05Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "Why the "Differential Amplifier" is the Hero of Modern Electronics If youve ever looked at the internal schematic of an Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) youve seen it: the Transistor Differential Amplifier also known as the Long-Tailed Pair (LTP). But why is this specific configuration so critical to analog design Derived from the brilliant work of Alan Blumlein in the 1930s the LTP transitioned from vacuum tubes to transistors to become the fundamental building block of high-performance amplifiers. Heres why its a design "must-know": 🔹 Differential Gain vs. Common Mode Rejection: The circuits" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2020396644706005104) 2026-02-08T07:17Z 15.4K followers, 13K engagements "Product Highlight: IDW30G120C5B 1200V SiC Schottky Diode with Ultra-Low Forward Voltage & Highest Efficiency The IDW30G120C5B from Infineon is a 2nd-generation CoolSiC Schottky diode that delivers class-leading performance in high-voltage high-frequency power applications combining extremely low forward voltage (Vf) virtually zero reverse recovery and rugged surge capability in a TO-247-2 package. Quick Specs * V_RRM: [----] V * I_F continuous: [--] A (25 C) / [--] A (100 C) * V_F: [----] V (typ) @ [--] A [--] C * Q_C (capacitive charge): extremely low * Zero reverse recovery charge (Q_rr [--] nC) * Surge" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021914123374604466) 2026-02-12T11:47Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "@rdavies6 @cqcqcqdx Fortunately I never did it but I always lived in fear of it" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2022238346832122190) 2026-02-13T09:16Z 15.4K followers, [--] engagements "Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) - A Deep Dive into Modern Communications Techniques Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing or OFDM has revolutionized the way we transmit data over radio waves offering high data rates and robustness against frequency-selective fading. Find out the key aspects in two minutes. What is OFDM OFDM is a type of digital modulation where data is split across many closely spaced orthogonal sub-carriers. This technique is pivotal because: - Orthogonality: Each subcarrier's peak aligns with the nulls of the others preventing interference and" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1862541533238407331) 2024-11-29T16:58Z 15.4K followers, 11.4K engagements "Resistor colour codes are the universal language of electronics. They tell us the resistance value (in ohms) and tolerance using coloured bands. No code = guesswork. With the code = instant accuracy. Lets break it down in this quick thread #Electronics #Resistors" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2021554028539457978) 2026-02-11T11:56Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Why Obsolete Carbon Composition Resistors are Used in New Designs Is modern always better In the world of electronics the answer isn't always a simple "yes." If youve ever opened a vintage tube radio or a 1950s television youve seen them: the colorful cylindrical Carbon Composition Resistors. While they were largely phased out in the 1960s by carbon film and metal film alternatives these "old school" components still hold a secret ability that modern resistors struggle to match. Where Carbon Composition Excels: Unlike modern film resistorswhere the resistive layer is microscopically" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2022206346603438437) 2026-02-13T07:08Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "13 FEBRUARY [----] Fact of the day: It was on this day in [----] that William Shockley one of the inventors of the transistor and Nobel Prize-winning physicist was born" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2022299216425439501) 2026-02-13T13:18Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "How to Use a Spectrum Analyser In this video I cover the essential steps in using a spectrum analyser. I cover the operation of the analyser and at the end there are some top tips from industry experts. Spectrum analysers are key to virtually all RF designs as they can look at where the different signals are within the radio spectrum. They plot the output from a circuit under test using amplitude on the vertical spectrum and rather than time on the horizontal axis as int he case of an oscilloscope they plot the radio spectrum i.e. the frequencies at which signals appear. I really enjoyed" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2020447011498279215) 2026-02-08T10:38Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Fast Recovery Diodes Critical for High-Efficiency Switching Power Supplies When designing switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) inverters PFC stages or any high-frequency rectification circuit the choice of diode can make or break efficiency and thermal performance. Enter thefast recovery diode a specialized rectifier diode engineered to switch off extremely quickly minimizing reverse recovery time (trr) and the associated reverse recovery charge (Qrr). Why fast recovery matters In a typical rectifier application when the diode is forward biased it conducts normally. But when the voltage" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2022273296436445638) 2026-02-13T11:35Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "For more information check out my website: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/test-methods/meters/dmm-digital-multimeter-accuracy-resolution.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/test-methods/meters/dmm-digital-multimeter-accuracy-resolution.php" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/2022583480077455740) 2026-02-14T08:07Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "Capacitor Smoothing Basics Capacitor smoothing is used for most types of power supply whether a linear regulated power supply a switch mode power supply or even just a smoothed and non-regulated form of power supply. The raw DC supplied by a diode rectifier on its own would consist of a series of half sine waves with the voltage varying between zero and [--] times the RMS voltage (ignoring any diode and other losses). A waveform of this nature would not be of any use for powering circuits because any analogue circuits would have the huge level of ripple superimposed on the output and any digital" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1884515324113944979) 2025-01-29T08:14Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Understanding the Schmitt Triggers and their circuit design using transistors The Schmitt trigger is a very useful circuit that has hysteresis i.e. the switch points from low to high and high to low occur at different voltages. The hysteresis of the Schmitt trigger is particularly useful because it enables circuits that might use a varying signal to switch in a more defined manner. It is less likely to switch up and down as the trigger voltage approaches. The Schmitt trigger is important because this type of electronic circuit design changes its output value at a certain value but retains" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1886084665846415397) 2025-02-02T16:10Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Understand how Zener Diodes Were Developed Zener diode history has its foundations in the development of the first semiconductor diodes. Although early detectors such as cat's whisker point contact diodes had been available since around [----] much work on semiconductors and semiconductor diodes was undertaken during and after the Second World War. The first person to describe the electrical properties utilised by the Zener diode was Clarence Melvin Zener (born [--] Dec [----] died [--] July 1993). Clarence Zener was a theoretical physicist who worked at Bell Labs and as a result of his work Bell" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1886417105077375468) 2025-02-03T14:11Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Understanding OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a number of closely spaced modulated carriers. One of the issues with any radio signal is that the side bands generated by the modulation spread out either side of the carrier. Under many conditions this causes interference and therefore the carriers have to be spaced so that any sidebands are sufficiently low level not to cause any undue interference. The sidebands in OFDM from each carrier overlap and would expected to cause interference as the carriers are very" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1890426059369152556) 2025-02-14T15:41Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "@theAliceRoberts That is totally unacceptable. They charge you all that extra money and then they dont deliver - not right" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1940468982907392167) 2025-07-02T17:53Z 15.4K followers, 39.8K engagements "Transistor Circuit Configurations Infographic: common base collector & emitter There are three types of circuit configuration that can be used with transistor amplifier: common base collector (emitter follower) & emitter - each has its own characteristics as explained in the infographic. It is important to select the right circuit configuration for any circuit and the characteristics of the main types are explained in the infographic. Common base common collector or emitter follower and the common emitter are each used for different purposes. * Common emitter is the most widely used having a" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1974480551869387065) 2025-10-04T14:23Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Rectifier Diode Reverse Voltage Requirements for Different Circuits Rectifier diodes require different maximum voltage ratings according to the circuit in which they are used and it is essential not to exceed the maximum diode ratings. Diode rectifier reverse voltage ratings should not be exceeded otherwise there is a distinct risk of complete failure. Understanding the expected values is critical for any design so I've summarised them for the basic half wave rectifier as well full wave rectifier configurations. It's also important to note that it is important to cater for transients that may" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1974850481923981763) 2025-10-05T14:53Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Diving Deep into OFDM: The Unsung Hero of Modern Wireless Tech Ever wondered how your Wi-Fi streams HD videos without a hitch or how 4G/5G keeps your calls crystal clear even in crowded cities The key lies in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). What is OFDM OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. Instead of sending all the data over a single high-speed carrier wave with a wide signal bandwidth (which can be prone to interference and fading) OFDM splits the data into multiple low-rate substreams. These are transmitted simultaneously over a bunch of closely spaced carriers." [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1979799727941030112) 2025-10-19T06:40Z 15.4K followers, 11.7K engagements "A Guide to Operational Amplifiers & Their Circuits This short ebook has been written to provide an introduction to the basics of operational amplifiers and a selection of useful easy-to-build circuits for anyone involved in using and designing operational amplifier circuits. The eBook is aimed at people wanting to understand the basics of op-amps and it gives a good number of circuits with their design equations. This [-----] word [--] page eBook is aimed at providing an easy-to-use reference rather than a work that uses full and rigorous mathematical proofs. The book contains several chapters:" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1990009199259189389) 2025-11-16T10:49Z 15.4K followers, 11.7K engagements "A Guide to Superhet Radio Technology If you want to know more about Superhet radio technology this downloadable ebook provides a great foundation. This book covers all the basic aspects of the superhet radio. The aim was to provide all the essential elements of the superheterodyne radio in one volume explaining the background the basic concepts and the function and operation of the different circuit blocks. All the different areas of the superheterodyne radio are explained in an easy to understand style that enables even the more complicated concepts to be understood. All aspects of the" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1987112950256037953) 2025-11-08T11:00Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Advantech Launches Compact Computer-on-Module Powered by NXP [--] for Machine Vision Advantech a leading provider of edge computing and edge AI solutions is excited to announce the arrival of two new compact Computer-on-Modules in the AOM series: the AOM-5521 Smart Mobility Architecture (SMARC) and AOM-2521 Open Standard Module (OSM). Both modules leverage the advanced capabilities of the NXP [--] processor family featuring a multi-domain architecture with up to [--] Arm Cortex-A55 cores operating at up to [---] GHz with a dedicated 2-TOPS NPU optimized for Linux-based edge applications. They are" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1960703097287725553) 2025-08-27T13:57Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements "Understanding Tropospheric Enhanced Conditions: Lifts Ducting Tropo Under certain conditions the radio propagation conditions provided by the troposphere are such that signals travel over much greater distances than normal. This enhanced tropospheric refraction occurs when there is a significant increase above the normal value of the refractive index in the atmosphere. This form of "lift" in conditions is less pronounced on the lower portions of the VHF spectrum but is more apparent on some of the higher frequencies. Under some conditions radio signals may be heard over distances of [----] or" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1801875241926373528) 2024-06-15T07:11Z 15.4K followers, 12.6K engagements "Should you use an op-amp chip as a comparator Op-amps can seem like a very good option as a comparator if super fast operation is not needed but is this wise Whilst it is easy to use an operational amplifier as a comparator especially when it may be easy to use one if a chip containing multiple op amps has one spare. However it is not always advisable to adopt this approach. The performance of comparator chips and op amps is quite different in a number of aspects: 1) Op amp latch-up: Under some conditions especially when an op amp is being driven hard it is possible for it to latch up i.e." [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1802613577070637132) 2024-06-17T08:05Z 15.4K followers, 14.3K engagements "Schottky Diodes are Supposed to have Advantages but where are they Used The Schottky barrier diodes are widely used in the electronics industry finding many uses as diode rectifier. Its unique properties enable it to be used in a number of applications where other diodes would not be able to provide the same level of performance. In particular it is used in areas including: RF mixer and detector diode: The Schottky diode is a very useful component for radio frequency applications because of its high switching speed and high frequency capability. In view of this Schottky barrier diodes are" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1803905919496962304) 2024-06-20T21:41Z 15.4K followers, 13.7K engagements "Understanding OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a number of closely spaced modulated carriers. One of the issues with any radio signal is that the side bands generated by the modulation spread out either side of the carrier. Although the sidebands from each carrier overlap the signals can still be received without the interference that might be expected because they are orthogonal to each another. This is achieved by having the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol period. To see how OFDM works" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1804743909412675695) 2024-06-23T05:10Z 15.4K followers, 16.1K engagements "How to Design a Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier Stage in [--] Easy Steps The common emitter transistor amplifier is one of the most common types of amplifier. It is often used in its AC coupled format to amplifier audio or many other types of signal. The design is relatively straightforward. The following design flow can be used as a basis. 1Choose transistor: As before the transistor type should be chosen according to the anticipated performance requirements. 2Calculate collector resistor: It is necessary to determine the current flow required to adequately drive the following stage." [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1810793450872140050) 2024-07-09T21:49Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "@MrJamesMay If you watch too much TV you'll end up with square eyes" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1831773715870437757) 2024-09-05T19:17Z 15.4K followers, 16.8K engagements "I've recently launched a new video giving the basics of radio antennas: what they are and how they work. Radio Antenna Theory [---]. Watch now: https://youtu.be/6v75TcVn72A https://youtu.be/6v75TcVn72A" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1833570887234138526) 2024-09-10T18:19Z 15.4K followers, 14.2K engagements "Diode Rectifier Circuits Summary Different rectifier circuits have different properties characteristics and capabilities. Some are applicable to some situations whereas other circuits to different situations. In order to select the best circuit for the particular circuit and situation it helps to have a quick summary of the various common rectifier circuit configurations: - No rectifier: The output from the transformer is applied directly to the load and it sees a full wave alternating voltage. Half wave rectifier: A single diode is used to provide half wave rectification. Half the waveform" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1833800213066141979) 2024-09-11T09:30Z 15.4K followers, 11.6K engagements "Diode Types & Circuit Symbols Infographic This infographic shows the more commonly used types of diode giving their circuit symbols applications and their highlight details. There are several types of semiconductor diode that are in widespread use these days. It's often useful to quickly see their circuit symbol their common applications and their main characteristics. This infographic provides these details in a quick and easy visual format so that the correct choice of diode can be made for a given electronic circuit design or system" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1835563136545337553) 2024-09-16T06:15Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Operational Amplifier Circuits Infographic Operational amplifier chips are very easy to use especially as there are many easy circuits along with the relevant circuit design formulas. In this infographic I've summarised some of the more popular operational amplifier circuits along with the relevant design formulas. I've included the basic inverting and non-inverting amplifiers along with a summing amplifier differential amplifier and voltage follower. Also included are low pass filter high pass filter as well as the differentiator and integrator circuits. its worth noting that the filter" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1835972645080158285) 2024-09-17T09:22Z 15.4K followers, 42.3K engagements "EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility- the basics. EMC is defined as the ability of devices and systems to operate in their electromagnetic environment without impairing their functions and without faults and vice versa. The aim of employing EMC measures is to ensure that a variety of different items of electronics equipment can operate in close proximity without causing any undue interference. The interference that gives rise to impaired performance is known as Electromagnetic Interference EMI. It is this interference that needs to be reduced to ensure that various items of electrical equipment" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1836289055832625281) 2024-09-18T06:20Z 15.4K followers, 23.7K engagements "A small type was seen a formula in the op-amp circuits infographic. This has been corrected and now I've reposted it. Op amp circuits are always very popular and very useful and this collection brings together some of the more widely used circuits. These include: inverting & non-inverting amplifiers voltage follower summing amplifier differential amplifier high pass and low pass filters integrator and differentiator" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1836683332467281938) 2024-09-19T08:26Z 15.4K followers, 12.8K engagements "Transistor Schmitt Trigger Circuit The Schmitt trigger is a very useful circuit that has hysteresis i.e. the switch points from low to high and high to low occur at different voltages. The hysteresis of the Schmitt trigger is particularly useful because it enables circuits that might use a varying signal to switch in a more defined manner. It is less likely to switch up and down as the trigger voltage approaches. The circuit of the transistor based Schmitt trigger is based around a two transistor configuration and it incorporates the concept of the two switching transition states by applying" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1837899282088665224) 2024-09-22T16:58Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Transistor Circuit Configurations Infographic: common base collector & emitter There are three types of circuit configuration that can be used with transistor amplifier: common base collector (emitter follower) & emitter - each has its own characteristics as explained in the infographic It is important to select the right circuit configuration for any circuit and the characteristics of the main types are explained in the infographic. Common base common collector or emitter follower and the common emitter are each used for different purposes. The common emitter is the most widely used having a" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1838499248624566418) 2024-09-24T08:42Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Transistor Circuits Compilation (01) Infographic Our infographic shows a variety of very useful transistor circuits fromt he basic common emitter amplifier through to a high pass filter capacitance multiplier switch and more . . In this infographic I provide some of the essential transistor circuits which are very useful for any design engineer. Transistor circuits are often needed either on their own or when interfacing in one way or another with ICs. The basic common emitter amplifier is used in many areas as a standard audio or other amplifier. The emitter follower is the standard circuit" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1838890646326714810) 2024-09-25T10:37Z 15.4K followers, 21.7K engagements "Diode Rectifier Circuits Infographic I've updated this infographic a bit. In it I've shown the common types of diode rectifier circuits that are used within linear power supplies and many other circuits and the output waveforms are shown. There are several different rectifier circuits that are in common use and each has its own properties characteristics and capabilities. Some are applicable to some situations whereas other circuits to different situations. To select the best circuit for the particular circuit and situation it helps to have a quick summary of the various common rectifier" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1839593498221101513) 2024-09-27T09:10Z 15.4K followers, 17.9K engagements "Coax Cable Characteristic Impedance Explained All feeders possess a characteristic impedance. For coaxial cable there are two main standards that have been adopted over the years. These are [--] and [--] . The [--] coax cable is used for professional and commercial applications whereas the [--] coax cable is used almost exclusively for domestic TV and VHF FM applications. The reason for the choice of these two impedance standards is largely historical but arises from the properties provided by the two impedance levels: [--] ohm coax cable gives the minimum weight for a given loss [--] ohm coax cable" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1840279328556265522) 2024-09-29T06:35Z 15.4K followers, 13.4K engagements "Transformer Summary Infographic It's often useful to have a summary about transformers with some of the basic circuit symbols and equations that are widely used. I've put together an easy reference infographic to give some of the basics of the transformer and some of the basic and more widely used equations. The equations assume a lossless transformer and in most cases this is a valid assumption because generally the losses are small. Need more information Head over to our website (see my profile ) then navigate to Basic concepts Transformers" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1841767453828710403) 2024-10-03T09:09Z 15.4K followers, 13.2K engagements "Diode Rectifier Circuits Infographic In this infographic I've shown the common types of diode rectifier circuits that are used within linear power supplies and many other circuits and the output waveforms are shown" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1846110765796773896) 2024-10-15T08:48Z 15.4K followers, 18.2K engagements "Why NPN transistors are used more than PNP transistors When looking at circuits and also in datasheets etc it will be seen that NPN transistors are far more popular than PNP transistors. Why is this There must be good reasons otherwise the split would be more equal. There are several reasons for this. Some are given below but are there any other major reasons Carrier mobility: NPN transistors use electrons as the majority carriers rather than holes that are the majority carriers in PNP transistors. As holes move far more easily within the crystal lattice than electrons i.e. they have a higher" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1846596968937934901) 2024-10-16T17:00Z 15.4K followers, 21.3K engagements "What is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM - the basics OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a number of closely spaced modulated carriers. When modulation of any form - voice data etc. is applied to a carrier then sidebands spread out either side - see diagram [--]. It is necessary for a receiver to be able to receive the whole signal to be able to successfully demodulate the data. As a result when signals are transmitted close to one another they must be spaced so that the receiver can separate them using a filter and there must be a guard band" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1848996685545955417) 2024-10-23T07:55Z 15.4K followers, 10.2K engagements "@fasc1nate Its the sort of thing you can never repeat but would love to. Normally that sort of thing happens off camera or when nobodys watching" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1849702813841969633) 2024-10-25T06:41Z 15.4K followers, 24.8K engagements "Valve / Vacuum Tube Reflex Amplifier One of the techniques widely used in early radios was that of what was termed a reflex amplifier. The curious typical of one used for this technique. The IF signal is applied to the control grid. Then the amplified signal is passed to the diode rectifier elements of the valve from the IF transformer T2. On passing through the filter formed from C1 R1 and C2 the AF signal appears across the volume control R2. It is then passed back through the secondary winding of T1 which has no effect at audio and into the control grid again. The audio is amplified by the" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1854148412905558325) 2024-11-06T13:06Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Amplifier Classes: A B AB C D etc The way in which an amplifier operates is defined by its class - amplifier classes including A B AB C D and others are widely used. Amplifiers are often classified by the proportion of the cycle over which they conduct. Here is the list of analogue amplifier classes for which this is applicable. - Class A: Conduction over the full [---] of the cycle i.e. = [--] - Class B: Conduction occurs over half the cycle i.e. for [---] i.e. = - Class AB: Conduction occurs for slightly more than half the cycle - between [---] & [---] i.e. [--] - Class C: Conduction occurs for less" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1856011620801028204) 2024-11-11T16:30Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "What are Dual-Gate MOSFETS used for - here are three ideas. Dual gate MOSFETs are used in many applications. Their attributes and characteristics mean that they can provide some distinct advantages for some forms of circuit. Here are three examples of possible uses. RF amplifier: Dual gate MOSFETs are able to operate with improved performance as amplifiers over single gated FETs. The dual gate MOSFET enables a cascode two stage amplifier to be constructed using a single device. The cascade amplifier helps overcome the Miller effect where capacitance is present between the input and output" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1859136269176979466) 2024-11-20T07:26Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Transistor Circuits Compilation (01) Infographic My infographic shows a variety of very useful transistor circuits from the basic common emitter amplifier through to a high pass filter capacitance multiplier switch and more . . In this infographic I provide some of the essential transistor circuits that are very useful for any design engineer. Transistor circuits are often needed either on their own or when interfacing in one way or another with ICs. The basic common emitter amplifier is used in many areas as a standard audio or other amplifier. The emitter follower is the standard circuit" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1859174093599256896) 2024-11-20T09:57Z 15.4K followers, 12.8K engagements "Understand Op-Amp Notch Filter Circuit Design Notch filters are very useful when single frequencies need to be removed. op-amp circuits are very easy to design. Discover now: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/operational-amplifier-op-amp/notch-filter-active-circuit.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/operational-amplifier-op-amp/notch-filter-active-circuit.php" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1861367044152664533) 2024-11-26T11:11Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "What is a Darlington Pair A Darlington pair configuration involves two transistors connected in a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second dramatically increasing the overall current gain. Basic Structure: The darlington pair consists of two transistors with the emitter of the first connected to the base of the second. First Transistor: Amplifies the input current. Second Transistor: Takes the output from the first and amplifies it again. This setup means the emitter current of the first transistor becomes the base current for the second" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1861712662532370467) 2024-11-27T10:04Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "The Yagi Antenna: A Deep Dive into Its Design and Applications If you're into radio communications you've likely heard of the Yagi-Uda antenna or simply the Yagi antenna. Known for its directional prowess this antenna design has become a staple in both amateur and professional setups. What is a Yagi Antenna The Yagi antenna invented by Shintaro Uda and Hidetsugu Yagi in the 1920s is characterized by its array of elements: one driven element one reflector and multiple directors. Here's how it works: - Driven Element: This is where the signal is fed into the antenna. It's typically a half-wave" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1862876342028566937) 2024-11-30T15:08Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Operational Amplifier Circuits Infographic Operational amplifier chips are very easy to use especially as there are many easy circuits along with the relevant circuit design formulas. In this infographic I've summarised some of the more popular operational amplifier circuits along with the relevant design formulas. I've included the basic inverting and non-inverting amplifiers along with a summing amplifier differential amplifier and voltage follower. Also included are low pass filter high pass filter as well as the differentiator and integrator circuits. its worth noting that the filter" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1863880354572153176) 2024-12-03T09:38Z 15.4K followers, 36.9K engagements "Unlocking the Mysteries of RF Signals: What is a Spectrum Analyzer A spectrum analyzer is a fundamental tool in RF design electronics manufacturing and testing providing a visual representation of signal strength versus frequency. Essentially it's an advanced receiver that sweeps across a range of frequencies capturing and displaying how the power of a signal varies with frequency: **What Does It Do** - **Frequency Domain Analysis:** Unlike an oscilloscope which shows signals in the time domain a spectrum analyzer reveals the frequency content of signals helping to pinpoint the exact" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1864570404523921877) 2024-12-05T07:20Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Radio Antenna Theory 101: what they are how they work. All the key essentials you need to know. Watch my video to find out: https://youtu.be/6v75TcVn72A https://youtu.be/6v75TcVn72A" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1865663226517520886) 2024-12-08T07:42Z 15.4K followers, 12K engagements "Mastering the Smith Chart: A Visual Tool for RF Engineers The Smith chart is an indispensable tool for radio frequency (RF) engineers offering a graphical method to solve complex impedance matching problems. Here's how it works and why it's essential in RF design: What is a Smith Chart Graphical Representation: It's a circular plot that maps complex impedances (Z = R + jX) onto a plane. The chart itself is normalized meaning all impedances are shown as ratios to a reference impedance typically [--] ohms in RF applications. Normalisation: By normalising the chart becomes universal allowing" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1866898744601612453) 2024-12-11T17:32Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "I'm really excited to say that I've just passed the 10k followers milestone. Thanks for everyone who has helped me get there" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1869317624729055491) 2024-12-18T09:43Z 15.4K followers, 18.8K engagements "Understanding the Different Types of Radio Propagation There are a number of categories into which different types of RF propagation can be placed. These relate to the effects of the media through which the signals propagate. Free space propagation: Here the radio waves travel in free space or away from other objects which influence the way in which they travel. It is only the distance from the source which affects the way in which the signal strength reduces. This type of radio propagation is encountered with radio communications systems including satellites where the signals travel up to" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1871924330575155559) 2024-12-25T14:21Z 15.4K followers, 11.5K engagements "Transistor Constant Current Sources: The Backbone of Precision Electronics In the world of electronics achieving stability and precision in circuits is paramount. One of the unsung heroes in this regard is the transistor constant current source. Let's delve into this fascinating topic: What is a Constant Current Source A constant current source is an electronic circuit that supplies a steady current regardless of the load or voltage applied across it. Unlike a resistor which has a current that varies with voltage a constant current source maintains a fixed current making it invaluable for" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1878341406907134296) 2025-01-12T07:21Z 15.4K followers, 15.8K engagements "Transformers Infographic The infographic I've created incorporates the basic transformer equations as well as the main types of circuit symbol. It's often useful to have a summary infographic about transformers with some of the basic circuit symbols and equations that are widely used. Here at Electronics Notes I've put together an infographic to give some of the basics of the transformerand some of the basic and more widely used equations. The equations assume a lossless transformer and in most cases this is a valid assumption because generally the losses are small. For more infographics head" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1879534503984767062) 2025-01-15T14:22Z 15.4K followers, 10.5K engagements "RF Attenuators Infographic This infographic details the circuits design information and values for RF Pi and T attenuators enabling the resistive components to be determined and the design incorporated into any suitable circuit. It is very easy to design RF attenuators using the information on this infographic. RF attenuators are used in many places within RF circuits; not only are they used to reduce signal levels where needed but they also help provide a better impedance match. Impedance matching is very important for circuits like RF mixers where incorrect impedance levels can cause the" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1883845158296494185) 2025-01-27T11:51Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Methods for Demodulating Amplitude Modulated Signals Demodulation is a key process in the reception of any amplitude modulated signals whether used for broadcast or two way radio communication systems. Demodulation is the process by which the original information bearing signal i.e. the modulation is extracted from the incoming overall received signal. The process of demodulation for signals using amplitude modulation can be achieved in a number of different techniques each of which has its own advantage. The demodulator is the circuit or for a software defined radio the software that is used" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1885423292632490158) 2025-01-31T20:21Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Transistor Capacitance Multiplier Circuit The transistor capacitance multiplier can be used to give additional levels of smoothing in many areas of electronics. The basic capacitance multiplier circuit is essentially a simple emitter follower with a capacitor on the base and a feed resistor from the input to the base to turn the transistor on. A capacitor from the base to ground provides the smoothing. The capacitance multiplier circuit operation is quite straightforward. It acts as a simple emitter follower. The resistor R1 provides bias for the base emitter junction and the capacitor" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1890046323698631085) 2025-02-13T14:32Z 15.4K followers, 10.2K engagements "Transistor Differential Amplifier / Long Tail Pair The transistor amplifier also called a long tailed pair forms the basis of many differential amplifiers - the concept is at the core of operational amplifier chips. The basic differential pair is shown below in a variant that uses two transistors. It can be seen from the diagram that the two transistor emitters are connected together and this node is then taken to ground via a large resistor. It is this configuration that gives the circuit configuration its name as it resembles a long tail. The resistor has a high value and as a result it" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1890347921591120283) 2025-02-14T10:30Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Transistor High Pass Filter Circuit It is often useful to be able to have a simple one transistor active high pass filter circuit using only a few components and simple calculations for use in various electronic circuit designs. The transistor high pass filter circuit given below provides a two pole filter with unity gain. This means that the ultimate roll-off rate will be [--] dB per decade. Using just a single transistor this filter is convenient to place in a larger circuit because it contains few components and does not occupy too much space. Being essential a form of emitter follower this" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1891391172062462408) 2025-02-17T07:36Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Diode Rectifier Circuits Infographic In this infographic I've shown the common types of diode rectifier circuits that are used within linear power supplies and many other circuits and the output waveforms are shown. There are several different rectifier circuits that are in common use and each has its own properties characteristics and capabilities. Some are applicable to some situations whereas other circuits to different situations. To select the best circuit for the particular circuit and situation it helps to have a quick summary of the various common rectifier circuit configurations: -" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1892518810843758706) 2025-02-20T10:17Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Coax Cable Characteristic Impedance Explained All feeders possess a characteristic impedance. For coaxial cable there are two main standards that have been adopted over the years. These are [--] and [--] . The [--] coax cable is used for professional and commercial applications whereas the [--] coax cable is used almost exclusively for domestic TV and VHF FM applications. The reason for the choice of these two impedance standards is largely historical but arises from the properties provided by the two impedance levels: [--] ohm coax cable gives the minimum weight for a given loss [--] ohm coax cable" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1893687344076661159) 2025-02-23T15:40Z 15.4K followers, 11.1K engagements "FM Demodulation - the key techniques. FM demodulation is crucial for extracting the original signal from frequency-modulated waves. So heres a quick rundown of the essentials: [--]. Slope Detection: Uses the linear part of a tuned circuit's response. Simple but not very efficient due to sensitivity to amplitude variations. The slope often has variations so the output normally has high levels of distortion. [--]. Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Demodulation: More complex but effective. The PLL adjusts its own frequency to match the incoming FM signal and the voltage controlling this adjustment is the" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1894420204345544972) 2025-02-25T16:12Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "I've been investigating more about the 2N3553 and RF amplifier circuits for it. Find out more: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/component-data/transistors/2N3553.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/component-data/transistors/2N3553.php" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1895082411991711992) 2025-02-27T12:03Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "LM317 Linear Voltage Regulator Data The LM317 is a popular linear voltage regulator that has been around for very many years but its still a current device. Discover more: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/component-data/voltage-regulators/LM317.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/component-data/voltage-regulators/LM317.php" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1901994271764271410) 2025-03-18T13:49Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Capacitor Smoothing Circuits & Their Calculations Explained Reservoir capacitors are used to smooth the raw rectified waveform in a power supply - it is important to chose the right capacitor with the correct value and ripple current rating. In a power supply whether it is a linear power supply or in a switch mode power supply using an AC power source and diode rectifiers the raw rectified output is normally smoothed using a reservoir capacitor before being applied to any regulators or other similar electronic circuitry. Aluminium electrolytic capacitors are ideal for for acting as smoothing" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1903706481368748074) 2025-03-23T07:12Z 15.4K followers, 12.5K engagements "When using diode rectifiers it's really important to understand what reverse voltage ratings are required for particular circuits. Check out my infographic: #dioderectifier @dioderatings #diodedata #semiconductordiode https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/summary-infographics/diode-rectifier-circuits/rectifier-diode-reverse-voltage-requirements.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/summary-infographics/diode-rectifier-circuits/rectifier-diode-reverse-voltage-requirements.php" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1904896238144610543) 2025-03-26T14:00Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Understanding FET Circuit Design Field Effect Transistors (FETs) are key components in modern electronics offering high input impedance and low power consumption ideal for various applications from amplifiers to switches. Here's a dive into the basics of FET circuit design: Types of FETs: There are primarily two types of FETs: Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) and Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs). JFETs can be either N-type or P-type with their operation based on the depletion region's size affecting channel conductivity. MOSFETs on the other hand come in enhancement or" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1911783249904382284) 2025-04-14T14:07Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "RF Attenuator Design Infographic This infographic details the circuits design information and values for RF Pi and T attenuators enabling the resistive components to be determined and the design incorporated into any suitable circuit. RF attenuators are used in many places within RF circuits; not only are they used to reduce signal levels where needed but they also help provide a better impedance match. Impedance matching is very important for circuits like RF mixers where incorrect impedance levels can cause the mixer performance to be degraded. Download the full sized (A4 / Letter paper)" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1917826535127478297) 2025-05-01T06:20Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Operational Amplifier Circuits Infographic Operational amplifier chips are very cheap to buy and very easy to use especially as there are many easy circuits along with the relevant circuit design formulas. In this infographic I've summarised some of the more popular operational amplifier circuits along with the relevant design formulas. I've included a variety of circuits from the basic inverting and non-inverting amplifiers along with a summing amplifier to thr differential amplifier voltage follower and filters. I hope you find this useful. You can download the A4 / letter sized infographic" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1926511721834774798) 2025-05-25T05:32Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Transistor Common Emitter Circuit Design Easy to use step by step guidelines for the electronic circuit design design of a common emitter transistor amplifier stage showing calculations for the values of the electronic components. The common emitter amplifier is widely used and the electronic circuit design for it is relatively straightforward. There are a few straightforward calculations which can be combined with a simple design flow to give a sure-fire result. It is quite easy to adopt preferred component values in the common emitter amplifier design. Check out the easy design steps:" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1931956528367444006) 2025-06-09T06:08Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Incredibly Useful Transistor Circuits Infographic My infographic shows a variety of very useful transistor circuits from the basic common emitter amplifier through to a high pass filter capacitance multiplier switch and more . . Here I provide some of the essential transistor circuits along with their key design equations. Transistor circuits are often needed either on their own or when interfacing in one way or another with ICs. Download the infographic: #transistor #circuitdesign https://lnkd.in/diUrCnu7 https://lnkd.in/diUrCnu7" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1931993922320146435) 2025-06-09T08:37Z 15.4K followers, 14.6K engagements "Essential RF Attenuators Infographic This infographic details the circuits design information and values for RF Pi and T attenuators enabling the resistive components to be determined and the design incorporated into any suitable circuit. It is very easy to design RF attenuators using the information on this infographic. RF attenuators are used in many places within RF circuits; not only are they used to reduce signal levels where needed but they also help provide a better impedance match. Impedance matching is very important for circuits like RF mixers where incorrect impedance levels can" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1933470904756949128) 2025-06-13T10:26Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Rectifier Diode Reverse Voltage Ratings for Different Circuits Rectifier diodes require different maximum voltage ratings according to the circuit in which they are used. It is essential not to exceed the maximum diode ratings otherwise damage can result to the diode and later to other components. Understanding the expected values is critical for any design so I've summarised them for the basic half wave rectifier as well full wave rectifier configurations. It's also important to note that it is important to cater for transients that may come along the line. If the rectifier circuit is likely" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1937422163155304835) 2025-06-24T08:06Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "A Guide to Operational Amplifiers and Their Circuits I'm putting the final touches to a digital download to soon appear on my online shop. The download will be priced competitively so I am hoping that lots of people will be able to benefit from it. I'm hoping to launch the new ebook in the coming few days so keep your eyes peeled if you want to buy a copy. In the mean time check my online shop for my other products: https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/ https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1943001262846546044) 2025-07-09T17:36Z 15.4K followers, 11.1K engagements "A Guide to Operational Amplifiers and Their Circuits - Now LIVE I've just launched my new eBook which is available on my online shop for a very reasonable price. Check it out: https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/products/a-guide-to-operational-amplifiers-and-their-circuits https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/products/a-guide-to-operational-amplifiers-and-their-circuits" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1943306167440081348) 2025-07-10T13:47Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Coax Cable Characteristic Impedance Explained All feeders possess a characteristic impedance. For coaxial cable there are two main standards that have been adopted over the years. These are [--] and [--] . The [--] coax cable is used for professional and commercial applications whereas the [--] coax cable is used almost exclusively for domestic TV and VHF FM applications. The reason for the choice of these two impedance standards is largely historical but arises from the properties provided by the two impedance levels: [--] ohm coax cable gives the minimum weight for a given loss [--] ohm coax cable" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1946656994221518933) 2025-07-19T19:42Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "A Guide to Operational Amplifiers and Their Circuits I've now added a table of contents to the description of my eBook download. The book contains a wealth of information about operational amplifiers and their circuits putting together the basic articles on my website and adding further useful information. The eBook is very competitively priced making it an ideal purchase for anyone and especially students and others on a budget. Check it out: https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/products/a-guide-to-operational-amplifiers-and-their-circuits" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1947219696408736094) 2025-07-21T08:58Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "A Guide to Operational Amplifiers and Their Circuits: a downloadable eBook This short book has been written to provide an introduction to the basics of operational amplifiers and a selection of useful easy-to-build circuits for anyone involved in using and designing operational amplifier circuits. It's aimed at people wanting to understand the basics of op-amps and it gives a good number of circuits with their design equations. This [--] page eBook is aimed at providing an easy-to-use reference rather than a work that uses full and rigorous mathematical proofs. The book contains several" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1953400225067913335) 2025-08-07T10:18Z 15.4K followers, 10.4K engagements "Power Supply Bridge Rectifier Circuits [---] One of the most common use of bridge rectifiers is within power supplies to give full wave rectification from a single secondary winding mains transformer The basic bridge rectifier circuit has a bridge rectifier block at the centre. This consists of a bridge circuit which includes four diodes. These can be individual diodes or it is also easy to obtain bridge rectifiers as a single electronic component. The bridge rectifier provides full wave rectification and has the advantage over the full wave rectifier using two diodes that no centre tap is" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1954817311891915045) 2025-08-11T08:09Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Constant Current Limiting Circuits In any power supply it is essential design practice to have a scheme for limiting the output current should a fault occur and excessive current be drawn. Without this not only could the item being powered suffer additional damage but the power supply could also fail. Introducing a current limiter is essential. Fortunately this is very easy to achieve. For linear regulators there are several circuits that can be used for constant current limiting for power supply protection but one of the simplest circuits uses just three additional electronic components: two" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1963491693207904355) 2025-09-04T06:37Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Great Value eBooks from Electronics Notes Don't forget to check out my great ebooks that are available from my online shop. There are three each dealing with a critical area of electronics engineers need to know about. 1) Operational amplifiers: the book covers all the basics about these chips and details a good number of circuits with design details. 2) Superhet Radio: this has long been the mainstay of radio receiver technology and it is still in widespread use today. The book details all the fundamentals as well as many areas of general radio technology. 3) Multimeters: this book details" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1971866401691390196) 2025-09-27T09:16Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "A Guide to Operational Amplifiers and Their Circuits: a downloadable eBook This short book has been written to provide an introduction to the basics of operational amplifiers and a selection of useful easy-to-build circuits for anyone involved in using and designing operational amplifier circuits. It's aimed at people wanting to understand the basics of op-amps and it gives a good number of circuits with their design equations. This [--] page eBook is aimed at providing an easy-to-use reference rather than a work that uses full and rigorous mathematical proofs. The book contains several" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1973301608525234408) 2025-10-01T08:19Z 15.4K followers, 17.9K engagements "Designing a Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier Stage Let's delve into the world of transistor amplifiers specifically focusing on the common emitter configuration one of the most widely used amplifier setups in electronics. What is a Common Emitter Amplifier The common emitter amplifier is celebrated for its voltage gain current gain and power gain capabilities. Here the emitter is common to both input and output signals. This setup inverts the input signal meaning if you input a positive-going signal you'll get a negative-going output. Key Components: - Transistor: Typically an NPN BJT like" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1973635449038971174) 2025-10-02T06:25Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "How to use a Spectrum Analyzer Spectrum analyzers are at the heart of any RF testing used in design verification & validation production test maintenance and repair and many other RF associated investigations. Spectrum analyzers can be daunting test instruments when they are first encountered as their mode of operation may not be quite the norm for many people. But with a little understanding they give a whole new view on RF signals and hence the RF circuits. In this video I detail what a spectrum analyzer is what the controls are and how to use one. Check out the video now:" [X Link](https://x.com/ElecNotes/status/1979456681349136767) 2025-10-18T07:57Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Transformers Infographic The infographic I've created incorporates the basic transformer equations as well as the main types of circuit symbol. It's often useful to have a summary infographic about transformers with some of the basic circuit symbols and equations that are widely used. Here at Electronics Notes I've put together an infographic to give some of the basics of the transformer and some of the basic and more widely used equations. The equations assume a lossless transformer and in most cases this is a valid assumption because generally the losses are small. Discover the full res" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1985680929147228340) 2025-11-04T12:10Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements "Bipolar Transistors vs MOSFETs: Which One Wins in Your Circuit Design Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) are two powerhouses in the world of semiconductors each with unique strengths and weaknesses. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) BJTs are current-controlled devices available as NPN or PNP types. They amplify current using a small base current to control a larger collector-emitter current. Advantages: - High Current Gain (): Excellent for amplification; a small input can drive a large output. - Linear Operation: Great for" [X Link](https://x.com/anyuser/status/1986337877186215973) 2025-11-06T07:40Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements Limited data mode. Full metrics available with subscription: lunarcrush.com/pricing
@ElecNotes ElectronicsNotes by Ian Poole
ElectronicsNotes by Ian Poole posts on X about in the, basic, design, switch the most. They currently have [------] followers and [---] posts still getting attention that total [-----] engagements in the last [--] hours.
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Social Influence
Social category influence technology brands 2.19% finance 2.19% travel destinations 1.46% stocks 1.46%
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Top accounts mentioned or mentioned by @catallaxer @christo03770888 @stainle55446702 @rdavies6 @makeaugusta @mikroel @mdv @davidcutty @oemsecrets @cqcqcqdx @thealiceroberts @mrjamesmay @fasc1nate @dioderatings @genx1000000 @mdv @m0cvo @scourgeofzeus @bnzsales @hn12v1_jp
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Top posts by engagements in the last [--] hours
"Resistor Colour Code: the secret facts and how to use it Do you struggle with using the resistor colour code at times Ive developed a video to help anyone with using it. The video shows how to use it with three four and five band resistors. I also give worked examples of each type determining the values for each one. There are also some interesting facts you probably didn't know that youll discover along the way. Theres also an associated crib sheet which is available very cheaply from my online shop. Check out the full video and learn a whole lot more about the resistor colour code:"
X Link 2026-02-06T09:58Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"MOSFET vs. IGBT: The Heavy Lifter vs. The Speed Demon In the world of power electronics choosing between a Power MOSFET and an IGBT is one of the most fundamental decisions a designer has to make. While they might look identical in their TO-220 packages their internal architectures dictate entirely different performance paths. Choosing the wrong one doesn't just lower efficiencyit can break your design. Here is the quick breakdown of when to use which: The MOSFET (For High-Speed) * The Logic: A unipolar voltage-controlled device that switches incredibly fastoften in the nanosecond range. *"
X Link 2026-02-09T14:17Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"It was on this day (29 September) in [----] that Enrico Fermi the Italian-American physicist and Nobel laureate was born in Rome. He was known for achieving the first controlled nuclear reaction"
X Link 2025-09-29T16:52Z 15.5K followers, [----] engagements
"Dont Let Your Design Drift: How to Specify a Quartz Crystal If youve ever had an oscillator fail to start or drift off frequency you know that specifying a quartz crystal involves much more than just picking a frequency. Based on the expert guide from Electronics Notes here is the essential checklist for specifying a crystal resonator that ensures reliability and precision. [--]. Nominal Frequency & Mode Its standard to specify frequency to six decimal places (e.g. [---------] MHz). But dont forget the Mode: Fundamental: Typical for frequencies up to [--] MHz. Overtone: Used for higher frequencies"
X Link 2026-01-28T08:34Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"This transformer infographic I've created At ElectronicsNotes incorporates the basic transformer equations as well as the main types of circuit symbol. It's often useful to have a summary infographic about transformers with some of the basic circuit symbols and equations that are widely used. It gives some of the basics of the transformer and some of the basic and more widely used equations. The equations assume a lossless transformer and in most cases this is a valid assumption because generally the losses are small. More information can be found in my website: #transformers #electronics"
X Link 2026-01-30T07:28Z 15.3K followers, [----] engagements
"How to Use a Voltage to Change a Capacitance Level How do we tune a modern radio or mobile phone without a mechanical variable capacitor The answer lies in a clever semiconductor electronic component known as the Varactor Diode (or Varicap Diode). Whether you call it a "Variable Reactor" or "Variable Capacitance" this electronic component is the key to voltage-controlled tuning in modern RF designs. How it Works: The Voltage-Controlled Capacitor The genius of the varactor diode is its ability to act as a capacitor whose value is determined by an applied voltage. It operates under reverse bias"
X Link 2026-02-01T11:53Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Youve always been told not to run two transistors in parallel but heres how you can do it safely. Within electronic circuit design paralleling bipolar transistors is often seen as a recipe for disaster. Why Because of a phenomenon called thermal runaway. Manufacturing tolerances mean no two transistors are identical. One will always have a slightly higher gain or lower resistance causing it to take more current. As it takes more current it gets hotter. As it gets hotter it becomes more conductiveand suddenly one transistor is doing all the work while the other sits idle. The result One fried"
X Link 2026-02-02T17:13Z 15.3K followers, 13.5K engagements
"Why Metal Film Resistors Have Inductance Ever wonder why your high-frequency RF circuits or high-speed digital designs aren't behaving as expected The culprit might be a component you usually take for granted: the humble leaded metal film resistor. We often think of resistors as purely resistive but in reality no component is "ideal." In my video I dive into the construction of metal film resistors to explain why they possess a measurable amount of inductance and what that means for your designs. The Highlights: * The Helical Secret: To achieve precise resistance values manufacturers make a"
X Link 2026-02-03T08:11Z 15.3K followers, [----] engagements
"Thyristors are Essential Switching Devices - but do you know how they work When you need to control high-power AC or DC a standard transistor isn't always enough. You need the "heavy-duty" switch of the semiconductor world: the Thyristor. Often referred to as the Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) the thyristor is the unsung hero of industrial power control and home automation. Here is a quick look at why this four-layer device is so essential to modern engineering: What exactly is a Thyristor At its heart a thyristor is a solid-state switch with three terminals: an Anode a Cathode and a"
X Link 2026-02-03T11:34Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Can your rectifier diodes handle the voltage When designing power supplies selecting the right diode isn't just about the forward current. One of the most common causes of catastrophic failure in power circuits is exceeding the Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV). If a diodes reverse voltage rating is surpassedeven for a short whilethe component can fail often taking the rest of the circuit with it. Depending on your circuit topology the reverse voltage requirements change significantly: 🔹 Half-Wave Rectifier: The diode must withstand the full peak voltage of the AC waveform. 🔹 Full-Wave Bridge"
X Link 2026-02-06T07:28Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"@MakeAugusta HP has come a very long way from their start in a garage to what they are now"
X Link 2026-02-09T08:39Z 15.4K followers, [--] engagements
"Anglia advises that Electronic Component Leadtimes are Extending as Market Picks Up UK based electronic component distributor Anglia Components is advising customers that as predicted in Q4 [----] the market upturn is in full swing. We're seeing a higher level of enquiries and sales are picking up both in the UK and across the EU says David Pearson Anglias Technical Director. However whilst we are happy to see the market moving at last suppliers are now extending leadtimes on certain products - not yet across the board but in certain product areas such as MEMS semiconductors. He continues: In"
X Link 2026-02-09T16:31Z 15.5K followers, [---] engagements
"@catallaxer SMPSs have many advantages but there are still times when a bridge rectifier is needed. They are also used beyond power supplies. Detectors RF and many other areas. But linear power supplies are still needed in many instances"
X Link 2026-02-11T15:53Z 15.5K followers, [--] engagements
"@Christo03770888 I preferred the separates. They tended to be higher fidelity"
X Link 2026-02-11T16:31Z 15.4K followers, [--] engagements
"@stainle55446702 @Christo03770888 Certainly these stacks are more compact and portable. Your choice depends on your own requirements. Yours are probably different to mine"
X Link 2026-02-12T17:55Z 15.5K followers, [--] engagements
"MIKROE signs multi-year MCU embedded development tool support deal with Renesas Embedded solutions company MIKROE has signed amulti-yearMCU development tool support deal with Tokyo based RenesasElectronics Corporation. The agreement commits MIKROE to providing development tools for [---] of Renesas most popular MCUs plusupcomingnew releases. APlanet Debugremote board farm which enables developers anywhere in the world to remotely debug code without having to invest in any hardware has also been established the first of its kind for Renesas. Tool supportfor the Renesas MCUswill be provided via"
X Link 2026-01-27T15:17Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"What's the most frustrating/mysterious fault you've ever chased down in a circuit Cold solder joint Intermittent oscillation Ghost in the machine Mine has been trying to repair my old college radio and the grease in an inaccessible tuning mechanical arrangement has solidified and despite putting the suggested solvent in it it still remains very stiff. Share your nightmare (and how you finally solved it) we can all learn from the pain 😅🔧 #electronics #debugging #circuittroubleshooting #electroniccomponents"
X Link 2026-01-31T11:00Z 15.5K followers, [----] engagements
"Could Thyristors Surge Suppressors be the components that could save your circuit Protecting sensitive electronics from high-voltage transients is a constant challenge for engineers. While many reach for the standard TVS diode there is a more powerful "crowbar" solution often better suited for the job: The Thyristor Surge Suppressor TSS. Ive put together a post breaking down how these specialized components work and when you should use them over traditional clamping diodes. Why TSS The Power of the "Crowbar" Unlike a TVS diode that clamps a voltage (holding it at a specific level) a TSS"
X Link 2026-02-04T07:41Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Why your DC power supply is only as good as its Reservoir Capacitor Ever wondered how we turn "bumpy" rectified AC into the smooth DC required by sensitive electronics It all comes down to the Capacitor Smoothing Circuit. In both linear and switch-mode power supplies the rectifier output consists of a series of half-sine waves. Without smoothing digital circuits would lose power every half-cycle and analog circuits would be plagued by hum and noise. Here are [--] key takeaways for engineers and hobbyists on getting smoothing right: [--] The "Fill in the Gaps" Strategy: A reservoir capacitor"
X Link 2026-02-04T15:04Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Huge news for the semiconductor industry today: Texas Instruments has officially announced its acquisition of Silicon Labs in a massive $7.5 billion all-cash deal. This is a major consolidation that looks set to reshape the landscape of embedded wireless connectivity. Here is the breakdown of what happened today (4 Feb 2026) and what it means for the market: The Deal * Valuation: TI is acquiring Silicon Labs for $231.00 per share valuing the enterprise at approximately $7.5 billion. * Timeline: The transaction is expected to close in the first half of [----]. Why it Matters This isn't just"
X Link 2026-02-04T17:47Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Protecting sensitive electronics from "invisible lightning" is no longer optionalits a design necessity. Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) Diodes are one of the key components that protect circuits from transient voltage spikes that can appear on any interconnection lines for circuits and equipment. As components get smaller and faster they become more fragile. A tiny spike from ESD or a switching transient can fry a processor in nanoseconds. Heres why TVS diodes are the go-to solution for robust hardware: 🔹 Speed: They respond in picoseconds to nanosecondsclamping the voltage before your"
X Link 2026-02-05T07:55Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"The Reed Relays: the key to precision switching In a world moving toward solid-state everything there is still one component that holds its ground when precision and isolation are non-negotiable: The Reed Relay. Ive been revisiting the fundamentals of these components recently (check out the link below from my Electronics-Notes for a great refresher) and its a reminder of why they remain a staple in high-reliability electronics. What makes them unique Unlike standard electromechanical relays reed relays feature contacts sealed hermetically within a glass envelope. This simple design choice"
X Link 2026-02-05T12:24Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"What's your favourite operational amplifier These days there is a huge number of op-amps from which to choose. There are general purpose ones low noise ones low input current high input impedance low offset . . . . The list goes on. But which one is your go-to when you need an op-amp - which is your favourite. Let me know in the comments below. #opamp #operationalamplifier #electroniccomponents #electronicsnotes #circuitdesign #hardwaredesign https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2019416565490344442 https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2019416565490344442"
X Link 2026-02-05T14:23Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Efficiency is key in circuit design. Ive developed a new Logic Truth Tables PDF downloadable infographic designed to be a "quick-reference" companion for the modern electronics workflow. By condensing complex concepts into a single high-resolution visual format this chart ensures that essential datafrom Boolean expressions to standard logic symbolsis always available when you need it. Ideal for: ✅ Professional Engineers ✅ Electronics Students ✅ Hardware Hobbyists Included Gates: Buffer Inverter AND NAND OR NOR EX-OR and EX-NOR. The high-res 17:22 aspect ratio makes it perfect for A4/Letter"
X Link 2026-02-05T16:32Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"@MDV Ah yes the good old [---] - cant beat it in many ways"
X Link 2026-02-05T19:33Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"NTC vs. PTC: Which Thermistor Does Your Design Need In circuit designs thermistors provide a key function but there are two types: and it is essential to select the right type for your design. If you are designing for temperature accuracy or circuit safety understanding the difference between NTC and PTC thermistors is fundamental. Ive put together this quick-reference guide (based on the latest deep dive from Electronics-Notes) to help you choose the right component at a glance. The Breakdown: 🔹 NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) * The Logic: As temperature goes UP resistance goes DOWN."
X Link 2026-02-06T14:20Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"The Heart of the PLL: Choosing the Right Phase Detector In any Phase Locked Loop (PLL) the Phase Detector (or Phase Sensitive Detector) is the component that makes the "magic" happen. Its the error-sensing heart that compares the reference signal to the VCO ensuring everything stays in perfect sync. But not all phase detectors are built the same. Depending on your design goalswhether its low phase noise wide capture range or high-speed frequency synthesisthe choice of detector changes everything. The Main Contenders: 🔹 Analogue Mixers (Linear): The classic approach. Often used as a simple"
X Link 2026-02-07T13:44Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"10 FEBRUARY [----] Fact of the day: It was on this day in [----] that Walter Brattain was born. He was one of the team (including Bardeen and Schockley) who invented the first transistor"
X Link 2026-02-10T13:44Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"Understanding Bridge Rectifiers Whats the most effective way to convert the AC power from our wall sockets into the DC power The answer lies in one of the most essential circuits in electronics: the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. Whether you're a student or a seasoned engineer understanding this circuit is fundamental. Based on a great deep-dive from Electronics Notes here is a quick breakdown of how it works: What is a Bridge Rectifier It is a circuit that uses four diodes arranged in a "bridge" configuration (a diamond shape). Its main job is to convert Alternating Current (AC) which reverses"
X Link 2026-02-11T07:52Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Check out the full technical guide here: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/diode-rectifiers/full-wave-bridge-rectifier.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/diode-rectifiers/full-wave-bridge-rectifier.php"
X Link 2026-02-11T07:53Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"Most common: 4-band resistors * Band [--] & Band [--] = first two digits * Band [--] = multiplier (how many zeros to add) * Band [--] = tolerance (%) Example: Red-Red-Black-Brown = [--] [--] = [---] 1% Memorise the sequence once and you never need to guess again. #ElectronicComponents https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021554240439640147 https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021554240439640147"
X Link 2026-02-11T11:57Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"5-band resistors add one extra digit for precision: Band [--] = digits Band [--] = multiplier Band [--] = tolerance 6-band versions also include temperature coefficient (ppm/C). Whether youre prototyping or repairing vintage gear knowing the code saves hours. #ElectronicsBasics"
X Link 2026-02-11T11:58Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"Never squint at tiny bands again I created the ultimate printable Resistor Colour Codes Lab Cheat Sheet clear colour-accurate and includes 4/5/6-band decoding + tolerance chart. Instant digital download here: #ResistorCodes #Electronics #LabEssentials https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/products/resistor-colour-codes-the-ultimate-laboratory-cheat-sheet https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/products/resistor-colour-codes-the-ultimate-laboratory-cheat-sheet"
X Link 2026-02-11T11:59Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"I know that some ads can be annoying - but they are the lifeline to many websites large and small. If you are benefiting from free use of the content isnt it a small price to pay. Admittedly some sites are overloaded with ads and Im finding that Google Adsense seems to be forcing you to have more and more. Keeping it reasonable is the other side of the bargain. https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021566612462076354 https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021566612462076354"
X Link 2026-02-11T12:46Z 15.5K followers, [---] engagements
"11 FEBRUARY [----] Fact of the day: It was on this day in [----] that Thomas Alva Edison was born. He was a prolific American inventor who developed the practical electric light bulb an electric generating system a sound-recording device and a motion picture projector. In all he held [----] patents. https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021593063664058682 https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021593063664058682"
X Link 2026-02-11T14:32Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"@catallaxer Yes there are more efficient technologies like SMPSs but the basic techniques are still useful and bridge rectifiers are still used in some applications"
X Link 2026-02-11T21:37Z 15.4K followers, [--] engagements
"@DavidCutty If you are into rebelling even thinking about it - wow that really something"
X Link 2026-02-12T22:10Z 15.4K followers, [--] engagements
"Do You Know What a Transistor Current Mirror Circuit is & How It Works Transistor current mirror circuits are often used within integrated circuits as well as a number of other areas where they enable current to be balanced between two legs of a circuit. Current mirror circuits generally consists two transistors although other devices such as FETs can be used. Some current mirror circuits may use more than two transistors to enable the level of performance to be improved. The current mirror circuit gains its name because it copies or mirrors the current flowing in one active device in another"
X Link 2026-02-10T20:15Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Want to understand about the different ceramic capacitor dielectrics Check out my Concise Guide to Ceramic Capacitors & Their Dielectrics This PDF download covers the basic aspects of ceramic capacitors - everything you need to know to understand them their diectrics and the codes associated with them. It gives a concise introduction and summary of these important capacitors which are used in almost every electronic circuit. The download is an ideal companion for anyone starting in electronics or anyone wanting a refresher. The download is just under [----] words long and it extends to around"
X Link 2026-02-13T09:11Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Photodiodes vs. Phototransistors: what should you use them for These light-sensitive devices are foundational in modern tech but they aren't interchangeable. They are both great devices but for different applications. Let's break it down simply: Core Differences: - Photodiode: A two-terminal device (anode and cathode) that converts light into electrical current via the photovoltaic effect. It operates in reverse bias and generates a photocurrent proportional to light intensity. - Phototransistor: Essentially a transistor (three terminals: collector base emitter) where the base is"
X Link 2026-02-07T08:19Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Back to Basics: Creating Short Pulses with Simple Transistor Circuits Sometimes the best solution to a design challenge isn't a complex IC or a microcontrollerits a handful of discrete components and a fundamental understanding of circuit behaviour. If youve ever needed to trigger a logic circuit or generate a timing pulse from the edge of a square wave a Transistor Pulse Generator is a tool every engineer should have in their back pocket. In my latest summary I explore how to design these using simple Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs). How it works: The key combination is a CR"
X Link 2026-02-09T07:09Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Moving Beyond the Hub: The Intelligence of the Ethernet Switch In the early days of networking we relied on hubs that simply broadcast data to every device on a port. It was inefficient and prone to collisions. Enter the Ethernet Switchthe "brain" of the modern local area network (LAN). Ive been looking into how these devices manage traffic (with some notes from my Electronics-Notes website) and its a great reminder of how fundamental this technology is to our connected world. How does a switch actually work Unlike a hub a switch operates at Layer [--] (Data Link) of the OSI model. It doesnt"
X Link 2026-02-10T10:45Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"A World-First Switch a Quantum Milestone and a Secret Coming in March. [----] was a bit of a rollercoaster for the Test & Measurement industry. We saw everything from shifting import tariffs creating early-year ripples to a massive resurgence in Aerospace and Defense. At Pickering Interfaces we didnt just watch the marketwe leaned into it. Reflecting on a year that Joe Woodford (our Group Director for Global Sales & Marketing) describes as both "active and successful" its clear that innovation thrives even in turbulent conditions. The [----] Innovation Highlights: * Space-Saving Power: A new"
X Link 2026-02-12T13:52Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"Silicon vs. Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs: Is the "Industry Workhorse" Being Overtaken For decades Silicon (Si) MOSFETs have been the backbone of the power electronics industry. But as the demand for efficiency in electric vehicles green energy and high-density power supplies accelerates a new challenger has entered the arena: Silicon Carbide (SiC). Ive been exploring the technical trade-offs between these two "Wide Bandgap" technologies. While Silicon remains the reliable standard for many applications SiC is fundamentally changing what we can expect from high-power designs. Why Silicon"
X Link 2026-02-13T15:39Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Whats the Difference Between DMM Accuracy & Resolution When using a Digital Multimeter understanding the concepts of accuracy and resolution is crucial for precision in electronics work. Here's a breakdown: Resolution: - Definition: Resolution refers to the smallest change in a measured value that can be detected by the DMM. It's about how finely the meter can divide up its scale. - Example: If your multimeter has a resolution of [--] mV on the [--] V scale it can show changes in voltage in steps of [--] mV. - Impact: Higher resolution means you can see smaller changes in measurement which is vital"
X Link 2026-02-14T08:07Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"Product Highlight: Boosting Efficiency with the IDW30G120C5B 1200V 30A CoolSiC Schottky Diode Today were spotlighting the IDW30G120C5B a 5th generation CoolSiC Schottky diode engineered by Infineon Technologies to elevate performance in demanding high-voltage power conversion applications particularly within the automotive sector. Quick specs Voltage Rating (Vrrm): [----] V Forward Current (If): [--] A at Tc=100C Technology: 5th Generation Silicon Carbide (SiC) Package: Standard TO-247-3 Key advantages Zero Reverse Recovery Charge: The SiC technology eliminates reverse recovery charge"
X Link 2026-01-16T10:45Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Check out this excellent breakdown by Ian Poole at Electronics Notes: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/power-supply-electronics/capacitor-smoothing-circuits.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/power-supply-electronics/capacitor-smoothing-circuits.php"
X Link 2026-02-04T15:05Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"Why the "Differential Amplifier" is the Hero of Modern Electronics If youve ever looked at the internal schematic of an Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) youve seen it: the Transistor Differential Amplifier also known as the Long-Tailed Pair (LTP). But why is this specific configuration so critical to analog design Derived from the brilliant work of Alan Blumlein in the 1930s the LTP transitioned from vacuum tubes to transistors to become the fundamental building block of high-performance amplifiers. Heres why its a design "must-know": 🔹 Differential Gain vs. Common Mode Rejection: The circuits"
X Link 2026-02-08T07:17Z 15.4K followers, 13K engagements
"Product Highlight: IDW30G120C5B 1200V SiC Schottky Diode with Ultra-Low Forward Voltage & Highest Efficiency The IDW30G120C5B from Infineon is a 2nd-generation CoolSiC Schottky diode that delivers class-leading performance in high-voltage high-frequency power applications combining extremely low forward voltage (Vf) virtually zero reverse recovery and rugged surge capability in a TO-247-2 package. Quick Specs * V_RRM: [----] V * I_F continuous: [--] A (25 C) / [--] A (100 C) * V_F: [----] V (typ) @ [--] A [--] C * Q_C (capacitive charge): extremely low * Zero reverse recovery charge (Q_rr [--] nC) * Surge"
X Link 2026-02-12T11:47Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"@rdavies6 @cqcqcqdx Fortunately I never did it but I always lived in fear of it"
X Link 2026-02-13T09:16Z 15.4K followers, [--] engagements
"Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) - A Deep Dive into Modern Communications Techniques Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing or OFDM has revolutionized the way we transmit data over radio waves offering high data rates and robustness against frequency-selective fading. Find out the key aspects in two minutes. What is OFDM OFDM is a type of digital modulation where data is split across many closely spaced orthogonal sub-carriers. This technique is pivotal because: - Orthogonality: Each subcarrier's peak aligns with the nulls of the others preventing interference and"
X Link 2024-11-29T16:58Z 15.4K followers, 11.4K engagements
"Resistor colour codes are the universal language of electronics. They tell us the resistance value (in ohms) and tolerance using coloured bands. No code = guesswork. With the code = instant accuracy. Lets break it down in this quick thread #Electronics #Resistors"
X Link 2026-02-11T11:56Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Why Obsolete Carbon Composition Resistors are Used in New Designs Is modern always better In the world of electronics the answer isn't always a simple "yes." If youve ever opened a vintage tube radio or a 1950s television youve seen them: the colorful cylindrical Carbon Composition Resistors. While they were largely phased out in the 1960s by carbon film and metal film alternatives these "old school" components still hold a secret ability that modern resistors struggle to match. Where Carbon Composition Excels: Unlike modern film resistorswhere the resistive layer is microscopically"
X Link 2026-02-13T07:08Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"13 FEBRUARY [----] Fact of the day: It was on this day in [----] that William Shockley one of the inventors of the transistor and Nobel Prize-winning physicist was born"
X Link 2026-02-13T13:18Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"How to Use a Spectrum Analyser In this video I cover the essential steps in using a spectrum analyser. I cover the operation of the analyser and at the end there are some top tips from industry experts. Spectrum analysers are key to virtually all RF designs as they can look at where the different signals are within the radio spectrum. They plot the output from a circuit under test using amplitude on the vertical spectrum and rather than time on the horizontal axis as int he case of an oscilloscope they plot the radio spectrum i.e. the frequencies at which signals appear. I really enjoyed"
X Link 2026-02-08T10:38Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Fast Recovery Diodes Critical for High-Efficiency Switching Power Supplies When designing switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) inverters PFC stages or any high-frequency rectification circuit the choice of diode can make or break efficiency and thermal performance. Enter thefast recovery diode a specialized rectifier diode engineered to switch off extremely quickly minimizing reverse recovery time (trr) and the associated reverse recovery charge (Qrr). Why fast recovery matters In a typical rectifier application when the diode is forward biased it conducts normally. But when the voltage"
X Link 2026-02-13T11:35Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"For more information check out my website: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/test-methods/meters/dmm-digital-multimeter-accuracy-resolution.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/test-methods/meters/dmm-digital-multimeter-accuracy-resolution.php"
X Link 2026-02-14T08:07Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"Capacitor Smoothing Basics Capacitor smoothing is used for most types of power supply whether a linear regulated power supply a switch mode power supply or even just a smoothed and non-regulated form of power supply. The raw DC supplied by a diode rectifier on its own would consist of a series of half sine waves with the voltage varying between zero and [--] times the RMS voltage (ignoring any diode and other losses). A waveform of this nature would not be of any use for powering circuits because any analogue circuits would have the huge level of ripple superimposed on the output and any digital"
X Link 2025-01-29T08:14Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Understanding the Schmitt Triggers and their circuit design using transistors The Schmitt trigger is a very useful circuit that has hysteresis i.e. the switch points from low to high and high to low occur at different voltages. The hysteresis of the Schmitt trigger is particularly useful because it enables circuits that might use a varying signal to switch in a more defined manner. It is less likely to switch up and down as the trigger voltage approaches. The Schmitt trigger is important because this type of electronic circuit design changes its output value at a certain value but retains"
X Link 2025-02-02T16:10Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Understand how Zener Diodes Were Developed Zener diode history has its foundations in the development of the first semiconductor diodes. Although early detectors such as cat's whisker point contact diodes had been available since around [----] much work on semiconductors and semiconductor diodes was undertaken during and after the Second World War. The first person to describe the electrical properties utilised by the Zener diode was Clarence Melvin Zener (born [--] Dec [----] died [--] July 1993). Clarence Zener was a theoretical physicist who worked at Bell Labs and as a result of his work Bell"
X Link 2025-02-03T14:11Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Understanding OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a number of closely spaced modulated carriers. One of the issues with any radio signal is that the side bands generated by the modulation spread out either side of the carrier. Under many conditions this causes interference and therefore the carriers have to be spaced so that any sidebands are sufficiently low level not to cause any undue interference. The sidebands in OFDM from each carrier overlap and would expected to cause interference as the carriers are very"
X Link 2025-02-14T15:41Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"@theAliceRoberts That is totally unacceptable. They charge you all that extra money and then they dont deliver - not right"
X Link 2025-07-02T17:53Z 15.4K followers, 39.8K engagements
"Transistor Circuit Configurations Infographic: common base collector & emitter There are three types of circuit configuration that can be used with transistor amplifier: common base collector (emitter follower) & emitter - each has its own characteristics as explained in the infographic. It is important to select the right circuit configuration for any circuit and the characteristics of the main types are explained in the infographic. Common base common collector or emitter follower and the common emitter are each used for different purposes. * Common emitter is the most widely used having a"
X Link 2025-10-04T14:23Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Rectifier Diode Reverse Voltage Requirements for Different Circuits Rectifier diodes require different maximum voltage ratings according to the circuit in which they are used and it is essential not to exceed the maximum diode ratings. Diode rectifier reverse voltage ratings should not be exceeded otherwise there is a distinct risk of complete failure. Understanding the expected values is critical for any design so I've summarised them for the basic half wave rectifier as well full wave rectifier configurations. It's also important to note that it is important to cater for transients that may"
X Link 2025-10-05T14:53Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Diving Deep into OFDM: The Unsung Hero of Modern Wireless Tech Ever wondered how your Wi-Fi streams HD videos without a hitch or how 4G/5G keeps your calls crystal clear even in crowded cities The key lies in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). What is OFDM OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. Instead of sending all the data over a single high-speed carrier wave with a wide signal bandwidth (which can be prone to interference and fading) OFDM splits the data into multiple low-rate substreams. These are transmitted simultaneously over a bunch of closely spaced carriers."
X Link 2025-10-19T06:40Z 15.4K followers, 11.7K engagements
"A Guide to Operational Amplifiers & Their Circuits This short ebook has been written to provide an introduction to the basics of operational amplifiers and a selection of useful easy-to-build circuits for anyone involved in using and designing operational amplifier circuits. The eBook is aimed at people wanting to understand the basics of op-amps and it gives a good number of circuits with their design equations. This [-----] word [--] page eBook is aimed at providing an easy-to-use reference rather than a work that uses full and rigorous mathematical proofs. The book contains several chapters:"
X Link 2025-11-16T10:49Z 15.4K followers, 11.7K engagements
"A Guide to Superhet Radio Technology If you want to know more about Superhet radio technology this downloadable ebook provides a great foundation. This book covers all the basic aspects of the superhet radio. The aim was to provide all the essential elements of the superheterodyne radio in one volume explaining the background the basic concepts and the function and operation of the different circuit blocks. All the different areas of the superheterodyne radio are explained in an easy to understand style that enables even the more complicated concepts to be understood. All aspects of the"
X Link 2025-11-08T11:00Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Advantech Launches Compact Computer-on-Module Powered by NXP [--] for Machine Vision Advantech a leading provider of edge computing and edge AI solutions is excited to announce the arrival of two new compact Computer-on-Modules in the AOM series: the AOM-5521 Smart Mobility Architecture (SMARC) and AOM-2521 Open Standard Module (OSM). Both modules leverage the advanced capabilities of the NXP [--] processor family featuring a multi-domain architecture with up to [--] Arm Cortex-A55 cores operating at up to [---] GHz with a dedicated 2-TOPS NPU optimized for Linux-based edge applications. They are"
X Link 2025-08-27T13:57Z 15.4K followers, [---] engagements
"Understanding Tropospheric Enhanced Conditions: Lifts Ducting Tropo Under certain conditions the radio propagation conditions provided by the troposphere are such that signals travel over much greater distances than normal. This enhanced tropospheric refraction occurs when there is a significant increase above the normal value of the refractive index in the atmosphere. This form of "lift" in conditions is less pronounced on the lower portions of the VHF spectrum but is more apparent on some of the higher frequencies. Under some conditions radio signals may be heard over distances of [----] or"
X Link 2024-06-15T07:11Z 15.4K followers, 12.6K engagements
"Should you use an op-amp chip as a comparator Op-amps can seem like a very good option as a comparator if super fast operation is not needed but is this wise Whilst it is easy to use an operational amplifier as a comparator especially when it may be easy to use one if a chip containing multiple op amps has one spare. However it is not always advisable to adopt this approach. The performance of comparator chips and op amps is quite different in a number of aspects: 1) Op amp latch-up: Under some conditions especially when an op amp is being driven hard it is possible for it to latch up i.e."
X Link 2024-06-17T08:05Z 15.4K followers, 14.3K engagements
"Schottky Diodes are Supposed to have Advantages but where are they Used The Schottky barrier diodes are widely used in the electronics industry finding many uses as diode rectifier. Its unique properties enable it to be used in a number of applications where other diodes would not be able to provide the same level of performance. In particular it is used in areas including: RF mixer and detector diode: The Schottky diode is a very useful component for radio frequency applications because of its high switching speed and high frequency capability. In view of this Schottky barrier diodes are"
X Link 2024-06-20T21:41Z 15.4K followers, 13.7K engagements
"Understanding OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a number of closely spaced modulated carriers. One of the issues with any radio signal is that the side bands generated by the modulation spread out either side of the carrier. Although the sidebands from each carrier overlap the signals can still be received without the interference that might be expected because they are orthogonal to each another. This is achieved by having the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol period. To see how OFDM works"
X Link 2024-06-23T05:10Z 15.4K followers, 16.1K engagements
"How to Design a Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier Stage in [--] Easy Steps The common emitter transistor amplifier is one of the most common types of amplifier. It is often used in its AC coupled format to amplifier audio or many other types of signal. The design is relatively straightforward. The following design flow can be used as a basis. 1Choose transistor: As before the transistor type should be chosen according to the anticipated performance requirements. 2Calculate collector resistor: It is necessary to determine the current flow required to adequately drive the following stage."
X Link 2024-07-09T21:49Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"@MrJamesMay If you watch too much TV you'll end up with square eyes"
X Link 2024-09-05T19:17Z 15.4K followers, 16.8K engagements
"I've recently launched a new video giving the basics of radio antennas: what they are and how they work. Radio Antenna Theory [---]. Watch now: https://youtu.be/6v75TcVn72A https://youtu.be/6v75TcVn72A"
X Link 2024-09-10T18:19Z 15.4K followers, 14.2K engagements
"Diode Rectifier Circuits Summary Different rectifier circuits have different properties characteristics and capabilities. Some are applicable to some situations whereas other circuits to different situations. In order to select the best circuit for the particular circuit and situation it helps to have a quick summary of the various common rectifier circuit configurations: - No rectifier: The output from the transformer is applied directly to the load and it sees a full wave alternating voltage. Half wave rectifier: A single diode is used to provide half wave rectification. Half the waveform"
X Link 2024-09-11T09:30Z 15.4K followers, 11.6K engagements
"Diode Types & Circuit Symbols Infographic This infographic shows the more commonly used types of diode giving their circuit symbols applications and their highlight details. There are several types of semiconductor diode that are in widespread use these days. It's often useful to quickly see their circuit symbol their common applications and their main characteristics. This infographic provides these details in a quick and easy visual format so that the correct choice of diode can be made for a given electronic circuit design or system"
X Link 2024-09-16T06:15Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Operational Amplifier Circuits Infographic Operational amplifier chips are very easy to use especially as there are many easy circuits along with the relevant circuit design formulas. In this infographic I've summarised some of the more popular operational amplifier circuits along with the relevant design formulas. I've included the basic inverting and non-inverting amplifiers along with a summing amplifier differential amplifier and voltage follower. Also included are low pass filter high pass filter as well as the differentiator and integrator circuits. its worth noting that the filter"
X Link 2024-09-17T09:22Z 15.4K followers, 42.3K engagements
"EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility- the basics. EMC is defined as the ability of devices and systems to operate in their electromagnetic environment without impairing their functions and without faults and vice versa. The aim of employing EMC measures is to ensure that a variety of different items of electronics equipment can operate in close proximity without causing any undue interference. The interference that gives rise to impaired performance is known as Electromagnetic Interference EMI. It is this interference that needs to be reduced to ensure that various items of electrical equipment"
X Link 2024-09-18T06:20Z 15.4K followers, 23.7K engagements
"A small type was seen a formula in the op-amp circuits infographic. This has been corrected and now I've reposted it. Op amp circuits are always very popular and very useful and this collection brings together some of the more widely used circuits. These include: inverting & non-inverting amplifiers voltage follower summing amplifier differential amplifier high pass and low pass filters integrator and differentiator"
X Link 2024-09-19T08:26Z 15.4K followers, 12.8K engagements
"Transistor Schmitt Trigger Circuit The Schmitt trigger is a very useful circuit that has hysteresis i.e. the switch points from low to high and high to low occur at different voltages. The hysteresis of the Schmitt trigger is particularly useful because it enables circuits that might use a varying signal to switch in a more defined manner. It is less likely to switch up and down as the trigger voltage approaches. The circuit of the transistor based Schmitt trigger is based around a two transistor configuration and it incorporates the concept of the two switching transition states by applying"
X Link 2024-09-22T16:58Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Transistor Circuit Configurations Infographic: common base collector & emitter There are three types of circuit configuration that can be used with transistor amplifier: common base collector (emitter follower) & emitter - each has its own characteristics as explained in the infographic It is important to select the right circuit configuration for any circuit and the characteristics of the main types are explained in the infographic. Common base common collector or emitter follower and the common emitter are each used for different purposes. The common emitter is the most widely used having a"
X Link 2024-09-24T08:42Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Transistor Circuits Compilation (01) Infographic Our infographic shows a variety of very useful transistor circuits fromt he basic common emitter amplifier through to a high pass filter capacitance multiplier switch and more . . In this infographic I provide some of the essential transistor circuits which are very useful for any design engineer. Transistor circuits are often needed either on their own or when interfacing in one way or another with ICs. The basic common emitter amplifier is used in many areas as a standard audio or other amplifier. The emitter follower is the standard circuit"
X Link 2024-09-25T10:37Z 15.4K followers, 21.7K engagements
"Diode Rectifier Circuits Infographic I've updated this infographic a bit. In it I've shown the common types of diode rectifier circuits that are used within linear power supplies and many other circuits and the output waveforms are shown. There are several different rectifier circuits that are in common use and each has its own properties characteristics and capabilities. Some are applicable to some situations whereas other circuits to different situations. To select the best circuit for the particular circuit and situation it helps to have a quick summary of the various common rectifier"
X Link 2024-09-27T09:10Z 15.4K followers, 17.9K engagements
"Coax Cable Characteristic Impedance Explained All feeders possess a characteristic impedance. For coaxial cable there are two main standards that have been adopted over the years. These are [--] and [--] . The [--] coax cable is used for professional and commercial applications whereas the [--] coax cable is used almost exclusively for domestic TV and VHF FM applications. The reason for the choice of these two impedance standards is largely historical but arises from the properties provided by the two impedance levels: [--] ohm coax cable gives the minimum weight for a given loss [--] ohm coax cable"
X Link 2024-09-29T06:35Z 15.4K followers, 13.4K engagements
"Transformer Summary Infographic It's often useful to have a summary about transformers with some of the basic circuit symbols and equations that are widely used. I've put together an easy reference infographic to give some of the basics of the transformer and some of the basic and more widely used equations. The equations assume a lossless transformer and in most cases this is a valid assumption because generally the losses are small. Need more information Head over to our website (see my profile ) then navigate to Basic concepts Transformers"
X Link 2024-10-03T09:09Z 15.4K followers, 13.2K engagements
"Diode Rectifier Circuits Infographic In this infographic I've shown the common types of diode rectifier circuits that are used within linear power supplies and many other circuits and the output waveforms are shown"
X Link 2024-10-15T08:48Z 15.4K followers, 18.2K engagements
"Why NPN transistors are used more than PNP transistors When looking at circuits and also in datasheets etc it will be seen that NPN transistors are far more popular than PNP transistors. Why is this There must be good reasons otherwise the split would be more equal. There are several reasons for this. Some are given below but are there any other major reasons Carrier mobility: NPN transistors use electrons as the majority carriers rather than holes that are the majority carriers in PNP transistors. As holes move far more easily within the crystal lattice than electrons i.e. they have a higher"
X Link 2024-10-16T17:00Z 15.4K followers, 21.3K engagements
"What is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM - the basics OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a number of closely spaced modulated carriers. When modulation of any form - voice data etc. is applied to a carrier then sidebands spread out either side - see diagram [--]. It is necessary for a receiver to be able to receive the whole signal to be able to successfully demodulate the data. As a result when signals are transmitted close to one another they must be spaced so that the receiver can separate them using a filter and there must be a guard band"
X Link 2024-10-23T07:55Z 15.4K followers, 10.2K engagements
"@fasc1nate Its the sort of thing you can never repeat but would love to. Normally that sort of thing happens off camera or when nobodys watching"
X Link 2024-10-25T06:41Z 15.4K followers, 24.8K engagements
"Valve / Vacuum Tube Reflex Amplifier One of the techniques widely used in early radios was that of what was termed a reflex amplifier. The curious typical of one used for this technique. The IF signal is applied to the control grid. Then the amplified signal is passed to the diode rectifier elements of the valve from the IF transformer T2. On passing through the filter formed from C1 R1 and C2 the AF signal appears across the volume control R2. It is then passed back through the secondary winding of T1 which has no effect at audio and into the control grid again. The audio is amplified by the"
X Link 2024-11-06T13:06Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Amplifier Classes: A B AB C D etc The way in which an amplifier operates is defined by its class - amplifier classes including A B AB C D and others are widely used. Amplifiers are often classified by the proportion of the cycle over which they conduct. Here is the list of analogue amplifier classes for which this is applicable. - Class A: Conduction over the full [---] of the cycle i.e. = [--] - Class B: Conduction occurs over half the cycle i.e. for [---] i.e. = - Class AB: Conduction occurs for slightly more than half the cycle - between [---] & [---] i.e. [--] - Class C: Conduction occurs for less"
X Link 2024-11-11T16:30Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"What are Dual-Gate MOSFETS used for - here are three ideas. Dual gate MOSFETs are used in many applications. Their attributes and characteristics mean that they can provide some distinct advantages for some forms of circuit. Here are three examples of possible uses. RF amplifier: Dual gate MOSFETs are able to operate with improved performance as amplifiers over single gated FETs. The dual gate MOSFET enables a cascode two stage amplifier to be constructed using a single device. The cascade amplifier helps overcome the Miller effect where capacitance is present between the input and output"
X Link 2024-11-20T07:26Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Transistor Circuits Compilation (01) Infographic My infographic shows a variety of very useful transistor circuits from the basic common emitter amplifier through to a high pass filter capacitance multiplier switch and more . . In this infographic I provide some of the essential transistor circuits that are very useful for any design engineer. Transistor circuits are often needed either on their own or when interfacing in one way or another with ICs. The basic common emitter amplifier is used in many areas as a standard audio or other amplifier. The emitter follower is the standard circuit"
X Link 2024-11-20T09:57Z 15.4K followers, 12.8K engagements
"Understand Op-Amp Notch Filter Circuit Design Notch filters are very useful when single frequencies need to be removed. op-amp circuits are very easy to design. Discover now: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/operational-amplifier-op-amp/notch-filter-active-circuit.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/operational-amplifier-op-amp/notch-filter-active-circuit.php"
X Link 2024-11-26T11:11Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"What is a Darlington Pair A Darlington pair configuration involves two transistors connected in a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second dramatically increasing the overall current gain. Basic Structure: The darlington pair consists of two transistors with the emitter of the first connected to the base of the second. First Transistor: Amplifies the input current. Second Transistor: Takes the output from the first and amplifies it again. This setup means the emitter current of the first transistor becomes the base current for the second"
X Link 2024-11-27T10:04Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"The Yagi Antenna: A Deep Dive into Its Design and Applications If you're into radio communications you've likely heard of the Yagi-Uda antenna or simply the Yagi antenna. Known for its directional prowess this antenna design has become a staple in both amateur and professional setups. What is a Yagi Antenna The Yagi antenna invented by Shintaro Uda and Hidetsugu Yagi in the 1920s is characterized by its array of elements: one driven element one reflector and multiple directors. Here's how it works: - Driven Element: This is where the signal is fed into the antenna. It's typically a half-wave"
X Link 2024-11-30T15:08Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Operational Amplifier Circuits Infographic Operational amplifier chips are very easy to use especially as there are many easy circuits along with the relevant circuit design formulas. In this infographic I've summarised some of the more popular operational amplifier circuits along with the relevant design formulas. I've included the basic inverting and non-inverting amplifiers along with a summing amplifier differential amplifier and voltage follower. Also included are low pass filter high pass filter as well as the differentiator and integrator circuits. its worth noting that the filter"
X Link 2024-12-03T09:38Z 15.4K followers, 36.9K engagements
"Unlocking the Mysteries of RF Signals: What is a Spectrum Analyzer A spectrum analyzer is a fundamental tool in RF design electronics manufacturing and testing providing a visual representation of signal strength versus frequency. Essentially it's an advanced receiver that sweeps across a range of frequencies capturing and displaying how the power of a signal varies with frequency: What Does It Do - Frequency Domain Analysis: Unlike an oscilloscope which shows signals in the time domain a spectrum analyzer reveals the frequency content of signals helping to pinpoint the exact"
X Link 2024-12-05T07:20Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Radio Antenna Theory 101: what they are how they work. All the key essentials you need to know. Watch my video to find out: https://youtu.be/6v75TcVn72A https://youtu.be/6v75TcVn72A"
X Link 2024-12-08T07:42Z 15.4K followers, 12K engagements
"Mastering the Smith Chart: A Visual Tool for RF Engineers The Smith chart is an indispensable tool for radio frequency (RF) engineers offering a graphical method to solve complex impedance matching problems. Here's how it works and why it's essential in RF design: What is a Smith Chart Graphical Representation: It's a circular plot that maps complex impedances (Z = R + jX) onto a plane. The chart itself is normalized meaning all impedances are shown as ratios to a reference impedance typically [--] ohms in RF applications. Normalisation: By normalising the chart becomes universal allowing"
X Link 2024-12-11T17:32Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"I'm really excited to say that I've just passed the 10k followers milestone. Thanks for everyone who has helped me get there"
X Link 2024-12-18T09:43Z 15.4K followers, 18.8K engagements
"Understanding the Different Types of Radio Propagation There are a number of categories into which different types of RF propagation can be placed. These relate to the effects of the media through which the signals propagate. Free space propagation: Here the radio waves travel in free space or away from other objects which influence the way in which they travel. It is only the distance from the source which affects the way in which the signal strength reduces. This type of radio propagation is encountered with radio communications systems including satellites where the signals travel up to"
X Link 2024-12-25T14:21Z 15.4K followers, 11.5K engagements
"Transistor Constant Current Sources: The Backbone of Precision Electronics In the world of electronics achieving stability and precision in circuits is paramount. One of the unsung heroes in this regard is the transistor constant current source. Let's delve into this fascinating topic: What is a Constant Current Source A constant current source is an electronic circuit that supplies a steady current regardless of the load or voltage applied across it. Unlike a resistor which has a current that varies with voltage a constant current source maintains a fixed current making it invaluable for"
X Link 2025-01-12T07:21Z 15.4K followers, 15.8K engagements
"Transformers Infographic The infographic I've created incorporates the basic transformer equations as well as the main types of circuit symbol. It's often useful to have a summary infographic about transformers with some of the basic circuit symbols and equations that are widely used. Here at Electronics Notes I've put together an infographic to give some of the basics of the transformerand some of the basic and more widely used equations. The equations assume a lossless transformer and in most cases this is a valid assumption because generally the losses are small. For more infographics head"
X Link 2025-01-15T14:22Z 15.4K followers, 10.5K engagements
"RF Attenuators Infographic This infographic details the circuits design information and values for RF Pi and T attenuators enabling the resistive components to be determined and the design incorporated into any suitable circuit. It is very easy to design RF attenuators using the information on this infographic. RF attenuators are used in many places within RF circuits; not only are they used to reduce signal levels where needed but they also help provide a better impedance match. Impedance matching is very important for circuits like RF mixers where incorrect impedance levels can cause the"
X Link 2025-01-27T11:51Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Methods for Demodulating Amplitude Modulated Signals Demodulation is a key process in the reception of any amplitude modulated signals whether used for broadcast or two way radio communication systems. Demodulation is the process by which the original information bearing signal i.e. the modulation is extracted from the incoming overall received signal. The process of demodulation for signals using amplitude modulation can be achieved in a number of different techniques each of which has its own advantage. The demodulator is the circuit or for a software defined radio the software that is used"
X Link 2025-01-31T20:21Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Transistor Capacitance Multiplier Circuit The transistor capacitance multiplier can be used to give additional levels of smoothing in many areas of electronics. The basic capacitance multiplier circuit is essentially a simple emitter follower with a capacitor on the base and a feed resistor from the input to the base to turn the transistor on. A capacitor from the base to ground provides the smoothing. The capacitance multiplier circuit operation is quite straightforward. It acts as a simple emitter follower. The resistor R1 provides bias for the base emitter junction and the capacitor"
X Link 2025-02-13T14:32Z 15.4K followers, 10.2K engagements
"Transistor Differential Amplifier / Long Tail Pair The transistor amplifier also called a long tailed pair forms the basis of many differential amplifiers - the concept is at the core of operational amplifier chips. The basic differential pair is shown below in a variant that uses two transistors. It can be seen from the diagram that the two transistor emitters are connected together and this node is then taken to ground via a large resistor. It is this configuration that gives the circuit configuration its name as it resembles a long tail. The resistor has a high value and as a result it"
X Link 2025-02-14T10:30Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Transistor High Pass Filter Circuit It is often useful to be able to have a simple one transistor active high pass filter circuit using only a few components and simple calculations for use in various electronic circuit designs. The transistor high pass filter circuit given below provides a two pole filter with unity gain. This means that the ultimate roll-off rate will be [--] dB per decade. Using just a single transistor this filter is convenient to place in a larger circuit because it contains few components and does not occupy too much space. Being essential a form of emitter follower this"
X Link 2025-02-17T07:36Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Diode Rectifier Circuits Infographic In this infographic I've shown the common types of diode rectifier circuits that are used within linear power supplies and many other circuits and the output waveforms are shown. There are several different rectifier circuits that are in common use and each has its own properties characteristics and capabilities. Some are applicable to some situations whereas other circuits to different situations. To select the best circuit for the particular circuit and situation it helps to have a quick summary of the various common rectifier circuit configurations: -"
X Link 2025-02-20T10:17Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Coax Cable Characteristic Impedance Explained All feeders possess a characteristic impedance. For coaxial cable there are two main standards that have been adopted over the years. These are [--] and [--] . The [--] coax cable is used for professional and commercial applications whereas the [--] coax cable is used almost exclusively for domestic TV and VHF FM applications. The reason for the choice of these two impedance standards is largely historical but arises from the properties provided by the two impedance levels: [--] ohm coax cable gives the minimum weight for a given loss [--] ohm coax cable"
X Link 2025-02-23T15:40Z 15.4K followers, 11.1K engagements
"FM Demodulation - the key techniques. FM demodulation is crucial for extracting the original signal from frequency-modulated waves. So heres a quick rundown of the essentials: [--]. Slope Detection: Uses the linear part of a tuned circuit's response. Simple but not very efficient due to sensitivity to amplitude variations. The slope often has variations so the output normally has high levels of distortion. [--]. Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Demodulation: More complex but effective. The PLL adjusts its own frequency to match the incoming FM signal and the voltage controlling this adjustment is the"
X Link 2025-02-25T16:12Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"I've been investigating more about the 2N3553 and RF amplifier circuits for it. Find out more: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/component-data/transistors/2N3553.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/component-data/transistors/2N3553.php"
X Link 2025-02-27T12:03Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"LM317 Linear Voltage Regulator Data The LM317 is a popular linear voltage regulator that has been around for very many years but its still a current device. Discover more: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/component-data/voltage-regulators/LM317.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/component-data/voltage-regulators/LM317.php"
X Link 2025-03-18T13:49Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Capacitor Smoothing Circuits & Their Calculations Explained Reservoir capacitors are used to smooth the raw rectified waveform in a power supply - it is important to chose the right capacitor with the correct value and ripple current rating. In a power supply whether it is a linear power supply or in a switch mode power supply using an AC power source and diode rectifiers the raw rectified output is normally smoothed using a reservoir capacitor before being applied to any regulators or other similar electronic circuitry. Aluminium electrolytic capacitors are ideal for for acting as smoothing"
X Link 2025-03-23T07:12Z 15.4K followers, 12.5K engagements
"When using diode rectifiers it's really important to understand what reverse voltage ratings are required for particular circuits. Check out my infographic: #dioderectifier @dioderatings #diodedata #semiconductordiode https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/summary-infographics/diode-rectifier-circuits/rectifier-diode-reverse-voltage-requirements.php https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/summary-infographics/diode-rectifier-circuits/rectifier-diode-reverse-voltage-requirements.php"
X Link 2025-03-26T14:00Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Understanding FET Circuit Design Field Effect Transistors (FETs) are key components in modern electronics offering high input impedance and low power consumption ideal for various applications from amplifiers to switches. Here's a dive into the basics of FET circuit design: Types of FETs: There are primarily two types of FETs: Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) and Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs). JFETs can be either N-type or P-type with their operation based on the depletion region's size affecting channel conductivity. MOSFETs on the other hand come in enhancement or"
X Link 2025-04-14T14:07Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"RF Attenuator Design Infographic This infographic details the circuits design information and values for RF Pi and T attenuators enabling the resistive components to be determined and the design incorporated into any suitable circuit. RF attenuators are used in many places within RF circuits; not only are they used to reduce signal levels where needed but they also help provide a better impedance match. Impedance matching is very important for circuits like RF mixers where incorrect impedance levels can cause the mixer performance to be degraded. Download the full sized (A4 / Letter paper)"
X Link 2025-05-01T06:20Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Operational Amplifier Circuits Infographic Operational amplifier chips are very cheap to buy and very easy to use especially as there are many easy circuits along with the relevant circuit design formulas. In this infographic I've summarised some of the more popular operational amplifier circuits along with the relevant design formulas. I've included a variety of circuits from the basic inverting and non-inverting amplifiers along with a summing amplifier to thr differential amplifier voltage follower and filters. I hope you find this useful. You can download the A4 / letter sized infographic"
X Link 2025-05-25T05:32Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Transistor Common Emitter Circuit Design Easy to use step by step guidelines for the electronic circuit design design of a common emitter transistor amplifier stage showing calculations for the values of the electronic components. The common emitter amplifier is widely used and the electronic circuit design for it is relatively straightforward. There are a few straightforward calculations which can be combined with a simple design flow to give a sure-fire result. It is quite easy to adopt preferred component values in the common emitter amplifier design. Check out the easy design steps:"
X Link 2025-06-09T06:08Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Incredibly Useful Transistor Circuits Infographic My infographic shows a variety of very useful transistor circuits from the basic common emitter amplifier through to a high pass filter capacitance multiplier switch and more . . Here I provide some of the essential transistor circuits along with their key design equations. Transistor circuits are often needed either on their own or when interfacing in one way or another with ICs. Download the infographic: #transistor #circuitdesign https://lnkd.in/diUrCnu7 https://lnkd.in/diUrCnu7"
X Link 2025-06-09T08:37Z 15.4K followers, 14.6K engagements
"Essential RF Attenuators Infographic This infographic details the circuits design information and values for RF Pi and T attenuators enabling the resistive components to be determined and the design incorporated into any suitable circuit. It is very easy to design RF attenuators using the information on this infographic. RF attenuators are used in many places within RF circuits; not only are they used to reduce signal levels where needed but they also help provide a better impedance match. Impedance matching is very important for circuits like RF mixers where incorrect impedance levels can"
X Link 2025-06-13T10:26Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Rectifier Diode Reverse Voltage Ratings for Different Circuits Rectifier diodes require different maximum voltage ratings according to the circuit in which they are used. It is essential not to exceed the maximum diode ratings otherwise damage can result to the diode and later to other components. Understanding the expected values is critical for any design so I've summarised them for the basic half wave rectifier as well full wave rectifier configurations. It's also important to note that it is important to cater for transients that may come along the line. If the rectifier circuit is likely"
X Link 2025-06-24T08:06Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"A Guide to Operational Amplifiers and Their Circuits I'm putting the final touches to a digital download to soon appear on my online shop. The download will be priced competitively so I am hoping that lots of people will be able to benefit from it. I'm hoping to launch the new ebook in the coming few days so keep your eyes peeled if you want to buy a copy. In the mean time check my online shop for my other products: https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/ https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/"
X Link 2025-07-09T17:36Z 15.4K followers, 11.1K engagements
"A Guide to Operational Amplifiers and Their Circuits - Now LIVE I've just launched my new eBook which is available on my online shop for a very reasonable price. Check it out: https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/products/a-guide-to-operational-amplifiers-and-their-circuits https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/products/a-guide-to-operational-amplifiers-and-their-circuits"
X Link 2025-07-10T13:47Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Coax Cable Characteristic Impedance Explained All feeders possess a characteristic impedance. For coaxial cable there are two main standards that have been adopted over the years. These are [--] and [--] . The [--] coax cable is used for professional and commercial applications whereas the [--] coax cable is used almost exclusively for domestic TV and VHF FM applications. The reason for the choice of these two impedance standards is largely historical but arises from the properties provided by the two impedance levels: [--] ohm coax cable gives the minimum weight for a given loss [--] ohm coax cable"
X Link 2025-07-19T19:42Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"A Guide to Operational Amplifiers and Their Circuits I've now added a table of contents to the description of my eBook download. The book contains a wealth of information about operational amplifiers and their circuits putting together the basic articles on my website and adding further useful information. The eBook is very competitively priced making it an ideal purchase for anyone and especially students and others on a budget. Check it out: https://electronics-notes-shop.fourthwall.com/products/a-guide-to-operational-amplifiers-and-their-circuits"
X Link 2025-07-21T08:58Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"A Guide to Operational Amplifiers and Their Circuits: a downloadable eBook This short book has been written to provide an introduction to the basics of operational amplifiers and a selection of useful easy-to-build circuits for anyone involved in using and designing operational amplifier circuits. It's aimed at people wanting to understand the basics of op-amps and it gives a good number of circuits with their design equations. This [--] page eBook is aimed at providing an easy-to-use reference rather than a work that uses full and rigorous mathematical proofs. The book contains several"
X Link 2025-08-07T10:18Z 15.4K followers, 10.4K engagements
"Power Supply Bridge Rectifier Circuits [---] One of the most common use of bridge rectifiers is within power supplies to give full wave rectification from a single secondary winding mains transformer The basic bridge rectifier circuit has a bridge rectifier block at the centre. This consists of a bridge circuit which includes four diodes. These can be individual diodes or it is also easy to obtain bridge rectifiers as a single electronic component. The bridge rectifier provides full wave rectification and has the advantage over the full wave rectifier using two diodes that no centre tap is"
X Link 2025-08-11T08:09Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Constant Current Limiting Circuits In any power supply it is essential design practice to have a scheme for limiting the output current should a fault occur and excessive current be drawn. Without this not only could the item being powered suffer additional damage but the power supply could also fail. Introducing a current limiter is essential. Fortunately this is very easy to achieve. For linear regulators there are several circuits that can be used for constant current limiting for power supply protection but one of the simplest circuits uses just three additional electronic components: two"
X Link 2025-09-04T06:37Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Great Value eBooks from Electronics Notes Don't forget to check out my great ebooks that are available from my online shop. There are three each dealing with a critical area of electronics engineers need to know about. 1) Operational amplifiers: the book covers all the basics about these chips and details a good number of circuits with design details. 2) Superhet Radio: this has long been the mainstay of radio receiver technology and it is still in widespread use today. The book details all the fundamentals as well as many areas of general radio technology. 3) Multimeters: this book details"
X Link 2025-09-27T09:16Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"A Guide to Operational Amplifiers and Their Circuits: a downloadable eBook This short book has been written to provide an introduction to the basics of operational amplifiers and a selection of useful easy-to-build circuits for anyone involved in using and designing operational amplifier circuits. It's aimed at people wanting to understand the basics of op-amps and it gives a good number of circuits with their design equations. This [--] page eBook is aimed at providing an easy-to-use reference rather than a work that uses full and rigorous mathematical proofs. The book contains several"
X Link 2025-10-01T08:19Z 15.4K followers, 17.9K engagements
"Designing a Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier Stage Let's delve into the world of transistor amplifiers specifically focusing on the common emitter configuration one of the most widely used amplifier setups in electronics. What is a Common Emitter Amplifier The common emitter amplifier is celebrated for its voltage gain current gain and power gain capabilities. Here the emitter is common to both input and output signals. This setup inverts the input signal meaning if you input a positive-going signal you'll get a negative-going output. Key Components: - Transistor: Typically an NPN BJT like"
X Link 2025-10-02T06:25Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"How to use a Spectrum Analyzer Spectrum analyzers are at the heart of any RF testing used in design verification & validation production test maintenance and repair and many other RF associated investigations. Spectrum analyzers can be daunting test instruments when they are first encountered as their mode of operation may not be quite the norm for many people. But with a little understanding they give a whole new view on RF signals and hence the RF circuits. In this video I detail what a spectrum analyzer is what the controls are and how to use one. Check out the video now:"
X Link 2025-10-18T07:57Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Transformers Infographic The infographic I've created incorporates the basic transformer equations as well as the main types of circuit symbol. It's often useful to have a summary infographic about transformers with some of the basic circuit symbols and equations that are widely used. Here at Electronics Notes I've put together an infographic to give some of the basics of the transformer and some of the basic and more widely used equations. The equations assume a lossless transformer and in most cases this is a valid assumption because generally the losses are small. Discover the full res"
X Link 2025-11-04T12:10Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
"Bipolar Transistors vs MOSFETs: Which One Wins in Your Circuit Design Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) are two powerhouses in the world of semiconductors each with unique strengths and weaknesses. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) BJTs are current-controlled devices available as NPN or PNP types. They amplify current using a small base current to control a larger collector-emitter current. Advantages: - High Current Gain (): Excellent for amplification; a small input can drive a large output. - Linear Operation: Great for"
X Link 2025-11-06T07:40Z 15.4K followers, [----] engagements
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