# ![@JackHadfield14 Avatar](https://lunarcrush.com/gi/w:26/cr:twitter::1268254037390045192.png) @JackHadfield14 Jack | amatica health

Jack | amatica health posts on X about health, in the, flow, reduce the most. They currently have [-----] followers and [---] posts still getting attention that total [-----] engagements in the last [--] hours.

### Engagements: [-----] [#](/creator/twitter::1268254037390045192/interactions)
![Engagements Line Chart](https://lunarcrush.com/gi/w:600/cr:twitter::1268254037390045192/c:line/m:interactions.svg)

- [--] Week [------] +68%
- [--] Month [-------] -71%
- [--] Months [---------] +70%
- [--] Year [---------] +32,685%

### Mentions: [--] [#](/creator/twitter::1268254037390045192/posts_active)
![Mentions Line Chart](https://lunarcrush.com/gi/w:600/cr:twitter::1268254037390045192/c:line/m:posts_active.svg)

- [--] Year [---] +1,222%

### Followers: [-----] [#](/creator/twitter::1268254037390045192/followers)
![Followers Line Chart](https://lunarcrush.com/gi/w:600/cr:twitter::1268254037390045192/c:line/m:followers.svg)

- [--] Week [-----] +0.24%
- [--] Month [-----] +2.20%
- [--] Months [-----] +48%
- [--] Year [-----] +2,958%

### CreatorRank: [-------] [#](/creator/twitter::1268254037390045192/influencer_rank)
![CreatorRank Line Chart](https://lunarcrush.com/gi/w:600/cr:twitter::1268254037390045192/c:line/m:influencer_rank.svg)

### Social Influence

**Social category influence**
[technology brands](/list/technology-brands)  1.98% [countries](/list/countries)  1.98% [finance](/list/finance)  0.99%

**Social topic influence**
[health](/topic/health) 7.92%, [in the](/topic/in-the) 5.94%, [flow](/topic/flow) #1710, [reduce](/topic/reduce) 1.98%, [main](/topic/main) 1.98%, [route](/topic/route) 1.98%, [fitbit](/topic/fitbit) 1.98%, [tools](/topic/tools) 1.98%, [this is](/topic/this-is) 1.98%, [how much](/topic/how-much) 1.98%

**Top accounts mentioned or mentioned by**
[@duanestorey](/creator/undefined) [@sharonc97936831](/creator/undefined) [@drtaubraun](/creator/undefined) [@thorhessdalen4](/creator/undefined) [@fighting_lc](/creator/undefined) [@jason_isaia](/creator/undefined) [@jasonisaia](/creator/undefined) [@sunsopeningband](/creator/undefined) [@drmaureenhanson](/creator/undefined) [@bertwithme](/creator/undefined) [@fightinglc](/creator/undefined) [@danaherbert](/creator/undefined) [@kaniafelix](/creator/undefined) [@amaticahealth](/creator/undefined) [@8eevert](/creator/undefined) [@tablertim](/creator/undefined) [@iatrogenic_harm](/creator/undefined) [@lambertdebb](/creator/undefined) [@dokter_arf](/creator/undefined) [@alocasi13562492](/creator/undefined)
### Top Social Posts
Top posts by engagements in the last [--] hours

"Many diseases were once called psychological or all in the mind. Again and again biology later proved otherwise. This thread shows clear cases where medicine got it wrong then changed its mind once real mechanisms were found"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2019025145575161897)  2026-02-04T12:28Z [----] followers, 13.6K engagements


"Once weve solved ME/CFS and Long Covid I think Im going to take a multi year break from ever reading a research article again. Found myself doing some light reading about SYK & LYN gene expressions at 7am this morning and realised its all Ive done everyday since [----] 😂"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2019457647200686229)  2026-02-05T17:06Z [----] followers, [----] engagements


"@jason_isaia For sure"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2019476450139628027)  2026-02-05T18:21Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Their brain model has two hits: PAF helps these particles occupy spots where mitochondria normally park at synapses and mtDNA can trigger a DNA alarm pathway (cGAS-STING) that reduces a motor protein (KIF5) needed to move mitochondria to synapses"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021231493201166807)  2026-02-10T14:35Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Net effect in their model: fewer healthy mitochondria reach synapses and fewer stay there so synapse energy drops. They reduce these effects in mice by blocking MDV release blocking PAF blocking mtDNA signaling blocking STING or boosting KIF5"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021231494136492534)  2026-02-10T14:35Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"PEM timing matters. Symptoms are often delayed. Even if particles rise quickly after exertion the downstream effects they might trigger (immune signaling shifts changes in energy handling nervous system changes) could build over hours"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021231499152851178)  2026-02-10T14:35Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Also PEM is multi-system. A muscle-to-brain synapse energy effect could at best map to parts of PEM like thinking problems and sensory overload not necessarily the whole PEM picture"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021231500096610779)  2026-02-10T14:35Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Other EV proteomics studies report that the protein cargo inside EVs shifts after exercise in ME/CFS and the degree of shift can correlate with symptom severity after exertion. This supports EVs as a real measurable post-exertion signal"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021231503242355131)  2026-02-10T14:35Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"What this paper adds to PEM thinking is a more specific mechanism template: Muscle stress could generate a vesicle subtype that carries mitochondrial cargo and can influence brain energy handling and immune danger pathways"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021231505020784997)  2026-02-10T14:35Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"However nobody has directly tested the specific PAF-marked muscle-derived MDVs from this paper in ME/CFS or checked whether synapse-related proteins like SNPH transport proteins like KIF5 or cGAS-STING signatures change after exertion in ME/CFS"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021231505897378066)  2026-02-10T14:35Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"RNA sequencing completed successfully today. Data now moves to our analysis team with results expected in the coming weeks. This first dataset includes [---] patients and [--] controls already among the largest RNA cohorts in this disease area. Look forward to sharing insights soon. #amaticaupdates https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021290057466864073 https://twitter.com/i/web/status/2021290057466864073"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021290057466864073)  2026-02-10T18:27Z [----] followers, [----] engagements


"@DuaneStorey Excited to see how it integrates into other testing youve done. Feel free to share anything interesting a with me"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021302317304160747)  2026-02-10T19:16Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"The authors note this is functional evidence. It shows something is wrong but not yet exactly which cells or pathways are responsible"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021558629548114193)  2026-02-11T12:15Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They suggest future work combining CPET with blood tests metabolomics or imaging could help pinpoint mechanisms"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021558630437322971)  2026-02-11T12:15Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"@SharonC97936831 Yep. Research always needs validating so good to see multiple studies with the same findings"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021598621267857566)  2026-02-11T14:54Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"@SharonC97936831 @sunsopeningband @DrMaureenHanson Yes. This is Todds paper"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021642662949060655)  2026-02-11T17:49Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Replication update in mostly moderate non-PEM sampling: the [----] ME/CFS serum changes muscle cell respiration signal wasnt reproduced in this assay. Useful to narrow focus but it doesnt cover severe ME/CFS or blood drawn during PEM"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959515877306827)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Key framing: this is not a full test of muscle energy in ME/CFS. It is one specific experiment in one cell type using one commonly used respiration assay readout"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959516728812026)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"What they did: they grew healthy human muscle precursor cells (myoblasts) in the lab then exposed them to blood serum from ME/CFS patients or healthy controls"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959517584425310)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Serum = the liquid part of blood after blood cells are removed. This setup tests whether something circulating in blood may shift cell behaviour in a dish"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959518481948813)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Samples: serum from [--] people with ME/CFS and [--] healthy controls. All participants were female and ages were similar between groups"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959519509659671)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Also important: blood wasnt collected during post-exertional malaise (PEM) the symptom worsening some people get after physical or mental effort"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959521124372873)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Cells were exposed to each persons serum for [--] days closely matching the earlier [----] study they were trying to replicate"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959522013622703)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Main readouts: OCR = oxygen consumption rate (how fast cells use oxygen). ECAR = a rough sign of glycolysis (an energy route that doesnt rely on oxygen in the same way)"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959525004087679)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Scale: they ran over [----] tests. Each persons serum was tested many times reducing the chance that random lab noise drives the result"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959525901677019)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Bias controls: samples were blinded (researchers didnt know whose serum was whose while testing). The analysis plan was registered in advance before looking at final outcomes"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959526748917896)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Result: cells exposed to ME/CFS serum and control serum showed very similar OCR and ECAR patterns including the max respiration part often highlighted from the [----] paper"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959527642374478)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Why this is useful: if a large consistent serum effect existed in this exact assay this kind of study design would likely detect it. Not seeing it suggests this specific signal may be less reliable than hoped"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959528871317974)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"What this does NOT mean: it does not show nothing is wrong in ME/CFS. It only addresses this serum-to-healthy-myoblast Seahorse respiration readout"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959529726890130)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"@drtaubraun @Bert_with_ME Dont have the figure off the top of my head but will share as we go through insights in the coming months"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022201241603125588)  2026-02-13T06:48Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Each person had a personalised daily activity limit. They received alerts at 50% 75% and 100% of that limit. The alerts told them to slow down not to push harder"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306028247830621)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"If someone stayed within their limit but still had PEM their limit could be lowered. If they had no PEM for [--] weeks their limit could be raised. The system adjusted over time"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306029174772211)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"At the start PEM scores were similar in both groups. After [--] months both groups showed small improvements"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306031150248330)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Researchers also ran an intention-to-treat analysis. This includes everyone originally assigned to each group even if they dropped out. The results were the same: no clear benefit of the intervention"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306033050190300)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They also looked at how many people met criteria for clinically meaningful PEM. Overall fewer people met PEM criteria at follow-up"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306034061054132)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"In the control group alone the drop in PEM-positive cases was statistically noticeable. In the intervention group PEM status did not clearly change"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306034832838692)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"There were limitations. Not all participants had confirmed PCR tests early in the pandemic. Mental effort was not directly tracked. Fitbit accuracy may drop at very slow walking speeds"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306039392035272)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Control participants may also have used their own pacing tools or other apps which could blur differences between groups"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306040323145780)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"@Fighting_LC Yes great work Similar logic and testing methods to what we are doing at amatica. Thankfully weve managed to roughly 10x the cohort size so we can hopefully get some deeper insights subgroups with higher confidence. Will do a breakdown on their paper soon"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022390026852798942)  2026-02-13T19:18Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"A key comparison: IgG from MS patients did not show the same fragmentation pattern in endothelial cells. That suggests this is not just a general autoimmune disease IgG effect in this setup"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642110856413344)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They checked if the effect matched symptom severity. In this cell test they did not see a clear link between how severe a patient was and how much their IgG changed mitochondria shape"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642111787503960)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Next they tested energy use with Seahorse assays. This measures oxygen use (OCR a proxy for mitochondria respiration) and acid output (ECAR a proxy for glycolysis how cells burn sugar outside mitochondria)"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642113502945631)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"With ME/CFS IgG endothelial cells showed a pattern consistent with higher energy demand: OCR and ECAR signals were higher and spare respiratory capacity was higher (how much extra respiration a cell can ramp up under stress)"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642114400596258)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They also swapped glucose for galactose in some tests. Galactose makes glycolysis less helpful so cells rely more on mitochondria. Under this condition the spare capacity difference was reduced"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642115214250036)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"@ThorHessdalen4 Been meaning to do a breakdown on this recently as was doing a deep dive. Will share soon"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022906773498393070)  2026-02-15T05:32Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"A new paper suggests extreme long exercise may sometimes link to worse memory and brain fog via tiny particles released from stressed muscle mitochondria that can reach the brain. Simple breakdown and then Ill dig into how this could relate to PEM"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021231486200910022)  2026-02-10T14:35Z [----] followers, [----] engagements


"Lactate also shows up in PEM discussions. Some repeated-exercise studies report unusual lactate patterns in ME/CFS and brain lactate signals have been reported in some imaging studies. Not every cohort shows this but it fits the lower threshold idea for some patients"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021231504085471707)  2026-02-10T14:35Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Most ME/CFS participants were moderately affected. Only a small number were severe or very severe"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959520348487953)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Limits the authors highlight: the earlier study included more severely affected patients. This replication had mostly moderate cases and sampling wasnt during PEM so those groups may need separate testing"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021959531211722823)  2026-02-12T14:48Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"A 6-month randomised trial tested whether a Fitbit + pacing app could reduce post-exertional malaise (PEM) in long COVID. It was safe and well run but it did not improve PEM more than usual care"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306023445340218)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [----] engagements


"Researchers recruited [---] adults with long COVID. Everyone had ongoing symptoms after COVID and reported PEM"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306025269764583)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"How they tested it: they added small amounts of purified patient IgG to cells grown in dishes mainly endothelial cells (HUVEC TERT2). Endothelial cells line blood vessels so they are relevant to blood flow and vessel function"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642108297871615)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They tracked mitochondria by using cells engineered to show mitochondria in green (mitoGFP). They used confocal microscopy (a high detail microscope) and image analysis to measure mitochondria size and how many separate pieces there were"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642109170299032)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Main mitochondria result: IgG from ME/CFS and post COVID ME/CFS was linked to more mitochondrial fragmentation in endothelial cells. Fragmentation means mitochondria looked more broken up into smaller pieces"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642110025941401)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They also measured several mitochondria related proteins with immunoblotting (a lab method to measure specific proteins). After ME/CFS IgG exposure multiple mitochondrial proteins tended to be lower suggesting changes in mitochondrial maintenance"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642112609522093)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They also estimated ATP production. ATP is the main energy unit cells use. The authors interpret the findings as a stress and adaptation pattern in these cells not an obvious collapse of ATP production in this experimental context"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642116157993443)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They asked whether IgG can get inside cells. Endothelial cells took up human IgG but fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) did not. They confirmed uptake by staining IgG inside cells and by protein based tests"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642116992680306)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They saw smaller Fc sized fragments inside cells for longer. Fc is the IgG tail that can interact with Fc receptors. They note this could relate to how endothelial cells recycle IgG but this is still an in vitro model"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642117894373481)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They used an Fc receptor blocker. This partly reduced IgG uptake suggesting Fc receptors like FcRn may contribute. Partly matters: it points to more than one route for IgG entry"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642118976483694)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They also tested immune effects using PBMCs from healthy donors (mixed blood immune cells). After adding patient IgG they measured cytokines (immune signalling proteins) by ELISA and a multiplex bead assay"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642120725561439)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"New study: People with ME/CFS and Long COVID show a clear drop in how their bodies make energy after exertion. This drop appears on repeat testing and not just from being unfit"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021558614444401109)  2026-02-11T12:15Z [----] followers, 13.3K engagements


"Our RNA cohort now exceeds [---] individuals built in roughly [--] months. At this pace were assembling a deeply indexed ME/CFS & Long COVID dataset faster than traditional academic timelines typically allow. Large structured bio-databases in these diseases are finally arriving"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2021997754122481805)  2026-02-12T17:20Z [----] followers, [----] engagements


"PEM means feeling worse after physical or mental effort (often minor effort). Symptoms can include deep fatigue brain fog pain or flu-like feelings that may appear hours later and last days"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306024334537029)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"The main outcome was PEM severity and frequency. This was measured using a validated questionnaire often used in ME/CFS research. Scores were converted to a [----] scale"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022306030198169800)  2026-02-13T13:45Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"ME/CFS blood antibodies may shift how mitochondria look and how energy is used in human blood vessel lining cells. The effect looked more specific to ME/CFS groups than to MS and the active part seemed to be the Fab binding side of IgG"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642106590769296)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [----] engagements


"They purified IgG (a common antibody in blood) from serum of [--] groups: post infectious ME/CFS post COVID ME/CFS MS healthy controls Samples were collected [----] to 2023"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642107412828601)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Patterns differed: ME/CFS leaned more toward extracellular matrix signals; post COVID ME/CFS leaned more toward hemostasis (clotting related) signals"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642122361315383)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Overall this study suggests patient IgG may interact directly with endothelial cells alter mitochondria shape and shift energy use. The Fab binding part appears central. These are lab findings but they may help explain vascular and metabolic features seen in ME/CFS. Paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354626000207 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354626000207"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642123288224044)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"In Long COVID bigger choroid plexus size was linked to higher GFAP in blood suggesting more stress or injury signals from brain support cells"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2023397257412853792)  2026-02-16T14:01Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"New analysis suggests treating COVID-19 right at its entry point (nose & throat) can slow or stop the virus early. Using simple nasal sprays or gargles (like iodine solution or salt water) early on might lower the risk of severe illness"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2010695258347090350)  2026-01-12T12:48Z [----] followers, 803K engagements


"They split IgG into Fab and Fc fragments. Fab is the part that binds a target. Fc is the tail. In Seahorse tests Fab fragments from ME/CFS IgG showed metabolic effects similar to intact IgG while Fc fragments alone tended toward a lower activity pattern"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022642119811149876)  2026-02-14T12:00Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"They found that in rare cases a tiny genetic change slightly alters an antibody made after exposure to an adenovirus. Instead of targeting the virus it binds a normal blood protein called PF4 triggering dangerous clots and low platelets. All [--] VITT cases had this change. Researchers have uncovered the molecular trigger for a rare but potentially deadly clotting disorder that some people experienced after receiving some COVID-19 vaccines https://t.co/P4rsymPR09 Researchers have uncovered the molecular trigger for a rare but potentially deadly clotting disorder that some people experienced"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2022756896671740255)  2026-02-14T19:36Z [----] followers, [----] engagements


"Brain scans in Long COVID found a brain fluid structure that was larger and had lower blood flow. These scan changes were linked to higher Alzheimers-related blood markers and small differences on thinking tests"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2023397232012050650)  2026-02-16T14:01Z [----] followers, [----] engagements


"Strongest biomarker link was pTau217 a tau-related blood marker used in Alzheimers research. In Long COVID larger choroid plexus size and lower blood flow in it both lined up with higher pTau217 levels even after accounting for age and sex"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2023397259317014856)  2026-02-16T14:01Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Limits: cross-sectional (one time point) biomarkers only in a sub-group and groups differed in age and risk factors (Long COVID was younger and had more hypertension/high cholesterol). Next step is longitudinal follow-up to test prediction"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2023397270167699694)  2026-02-16T14:01Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Paper: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12856380/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12856380/"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2023397271862178194)  2026-02-16T14:01Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Splicing basics: Cells make a copy of DNA to use as instructions. Parts are cut out and the rest is joined together. If a DNA change alters where this joining happens the instructions can change a lot. Many diseases are linked to this"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2016909741524410525)  2026-01-29T16:22Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"For RNA splicing AlphaGenome predicts where the cut-and-join points are how often each one is used and which pieces of RNA get joined together. This gives a more complete picture than many older tools"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2016909743034429872)  2026-01-29T16:22Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Benchmarks: On multiple splicing-related tests (like sQTLs splicing outliers ClinVar categories) AlphaGenome usually matched or beat prior models. One benchmark (MFASS) was a case where another model did better"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2016909743885897740)  2026-01-29T16:22Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Gene expression basics: expression means how much RNA a gene produces (how on or off the gene is). Some variants can raise or lower expression often by changing DNA switches near or far from the gene"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2016909744703693247)  2026-01-29T16:22Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"GWAS link: GWAS finds DNA variants tied to traits/disease risk but often doesnt say which gene is affected. AlphaGenome may help propose a likely target gene and effect direction for some loci"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2016909746394005569)  2026-01-29T16:22Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Important caveat: The model predicts molecular signals (what happens to DNA/RNA regulation). It does not directly predict a persons disease outcome because real traits include many steps beyond regulation"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2016909747211887079)  2026-01-29T16:22Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Enhancers are DNA switches that control genes. They tested cases where these switches were turned down in cells. AlphaGenome worked without extra training and also helped other models do better when its scores were added"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2016909748025581987)  2026-01-29T16:22Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Poly(A) basics: Many RNA messages have a stop signal near the end. DNA changes near this signal can change how long the RNA is and how stable it is. AlphaGenome picked up these effects best when the change was close to the stop site"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2016909748918968698)  2026-01-29T16:22Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"@danaherbert @kania_felix I am in Cyprus. Blue handicap place card. But here you have to go through a formal review to confirm you are disabled enough"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2016932375326814451)  2026-01-29T17:52Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Brain scans in ME/CFS and Long COVID have found changes in glutamate and GABA the chemicals that control brain activity. Multiple studies now suggest disrupted excitation and inhibition may be linked to brain fog fatigue and sensory symptoms. Lets breakdown in simple terms"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017234368431833419)  2026-01-30T13:52Z [----] followers, 10.6K engagements


"Glutamine is closely linked to glutamate (cells convert them back and forth). Some scans report Glx which usually means glutamate + glutamine together. Excitotoxicity means cell damage that may happen with too much activation but these studies are indirect"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017234370717782224)  2026-01-30T13:52Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Most results below use 1H-MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy): An MRI add-on that estimates levels of certain chemicals in a small brain area. It does NOT directly measure synapse activity or extra glutamate so interpret carefully"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017234371602735418)  2026-01-30T13:52Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Thapaliya et al (Am J Med 2025): MRS in the posterior cingulate cortex (midline brain area linked with attention and inner thinking). long COVID n=17 ME/CFS n=17 controls n=10. Glutamate was higher in both patient groups and was similar between them"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017234372626100353)  2026-01-30T13:52Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Sklinda et al (Pol J Radiol 2021): [--] people hospitalized with severe brain fog after COVID vs [--] controls. Routine MRI looked normal. On MRS NAA choline and creatine were stable but Glx (glutamate+glutamine) and lactate changed"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017234374450708718)  2026-01-30T13:52Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Lactate is a chemical that can rise when cells are short on oxygen or shift how they make energy. The authors suggested a possible ischaemic contribution (reduced blood flow/oxygen) but they called the results preliminary"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017234375432155471)  2026-01-30T13:52Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Marinkovic et al (Brain Sci 2023): mostly young adults with PASC about [--] months after mild COVID. Occipital cortex MRS (back of brain). PASC n=18 controls n=20. GABA was lower in PASC and linked with worse sleep and more depression. Glx did not differ; NAA tended lower"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017234376329687316)  2026-01-30T13:52Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"BBB is a filter between blood and brain. K-trans is an MRI estimate of leakiness. Myo-inositol is often linked with neuroinflammation. In this study cognitive scores did not track K-trans; K-trans and MRS metabolites did not change clearly by [--] months"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017234379253199157)  2026-01-30T13:52Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Hennemann et al (J Med Virol 2025): whole-brain MRSI in [--] post-COVID syndrome patients vs [--] controls. Myo-inositol was lower across several regions; creatine higher left frontal; combined Glu+Gln peak lower right parietal. NAA and choline showed no group difference"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017234380226187367)  2026-01-30T13:52Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Godlewska et al (Psychopharmacology 2022): 7T MRS in anterior cingulate cortex. [--] CFS vs [--] controls. Lower glutathione (antioxidant) creatine (energy buffer) and myo-inositol (linked with glial cells). Using NAA as reference only myo-inositol stayed lower"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017234381186711678)  2026-01-30T13:52Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"Some very interesting insights emerging from our patient profiling data looking at how individuals experience what they describe as PEM. What stands out is the degree of variation between patients. This kind of heterogeneity shows up across almost all symptoms. Two people may use the same label such as PEM or muscle weakness yet be describing very different experiences and potentially different underlying processes. For example someone with immediate symptom worsening vs another who only develops symptoms [--] hours or more later. These presentations could share a common biological driver or"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2017842033390428340)  2026-02-01T06:06Z [----] followers, [----] engagements


"History suggests caution: When medicine cannot yet measure a disease labeling it psychogenic may reflect limits of tools not limits of the patient"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2019025166148215078)  2026-02-04T12:28Z [----] followers, [----] engagements


"All studies used in this thread (titles + abstracts inside this PubMed list): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/term=14387318+OR+6145023+OR+1971318+OR+19867640+OR+988512+OR+10615891+OR+9288096+OR+17262855+OR+29563502+OR+27264002+OR+32003253+OR+29171821+OR+38256344 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/term=14387318+OR+6145023+OR+1971318+OR+19867640+OR+988512+OR+10615891+OR+9288096+OR+17262855+OR+29563502+OR+27264002+OR+32003253+OR+29171821+OR+38256344"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2019025167117070388)  2026-02-04T12:28Z [----] followers, [---] engagements


"@8Eevert Yep. I learnt it the other day. Quite useful when theyre all on Pubmed"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2019388920442843536)  2026-02-05T12:33Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"@tabler_tim For sure. Ive got a tour of Asia planned to go to specific villages famous for noodle restaurants. Been slowly planning it for two years now. For sure let me know when youre in Cyprus when we solve this"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2019810027369046419)  2026-02-06T16:26Z [----] followers, [--] engagements


"Weve launched the new amatica website. Our mission is to solve Long COVID ME/CFS and related diseases by providing patients the most advanced research testing & building database to uncover disease mechanisms & predict treatment response. Learn more at http://AmaticaHealth.com http://AmaticaHealth.com"  
[X Link](https://x.com/JackHadfield14/status/2002046559354253609)  2025-12-19T16:01Z [----] followers, 13.8K engagements

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